Table 3.
Associations of rate of GWG (per 0.2 kg/wk) with birth outcomes (N=1855)
| All participants | Stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI category, kg/m2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Exposure GWG (per 0.2 kg/wk) |
N=1855 β (95% CI) |
18.5 – <25.0 N = 1169 |
25.0 – <30.0 N = 408 β (95% CI) |
≥30.0 N = 278 |
| BW/GA z-score | 1st trimester | 0.07 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.15) | 0.08 (0.01, 0.16) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.08) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.21 (0.16, 0.26) | 0.30 (0.23, 0.37) | 0.15 (0.05, 0.24) | 0.12 (0.02, 0.21) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.06 (0.02, 0.11) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.12) | 0.09 (0.00, 0.18) | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.14) | |
| Total GWG | 0.28 (0.22, 0.35) | 0.39 (0.30, 0.48) | 0.26 (0.13, 0.38) | 0.12 (−0.01, 0.25) | |
| Birth length z-score* | 1st trimester | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.07) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.11 (0.05, 0.16) | 0.14 (0.06, 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.19) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | 0.12 (0.00, 0.23) | |
| Total GWG | 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.16 (0.06, 0.27) | 0.08 (−0.06, 0.22) | 0.13 (0.00, 0.27) | |
| Gestational age, wk | 1st trimester | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.10 (−0.02, 0.21) | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.17) | −0.04 (−0.22, 0.14) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.15) | 0.17 (0.04, 0.31) | −0.11 (−0.28, 0.06) | 0.01 (−0.20, 0.21) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.11) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) | 0.10 (−0.07, 0.26) | −0.14 (−0.37, 0.09) | |
| Total GWG | 0.19 (0.07, 0.32) | 0.33 (0.15, 0.51) | 0.08 (−0.17, 0.33) | 0.03 (−0.27, 0.33) | |
GWG: gestational weight gain; BW/GA: birth weight z-score for sex and gestational age;
*
N=922 with birth length z-score
We adjusted all models for child sex and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, education, pregnancy smoking status and race/ethnicity; birth length z-score models were additionally adjusted for gestational age