Table 2.

Relative heating characteristics of clinical bladder hyperthermia systems

Heating Criterion	External			Intravesical
	Deep Regional Electromagnetic	Deep Focused Ultrasound	Capacitive Current	Microwave	Circulating Heated Fluid
Homogeneity of heating around interior wall of bladder	+	− −	−	− −	+ +
Depth of penetration of heating through tissue	+ +	+ +	+ +	−	− −
Control of maximum temperature	− −	−	− −	−	+ +
Circulation/mixing of drug in contact with bladder wall	−	−	−	+	+ +
Heating of tumor tissue outside the bladder	+ +	+	+	−	− −
Heating of normal tissue outside the bladder	− −	−	− −	+	+ +
Ease of Heating	−	− −	−	−	+ +
Patient Tolerance	−	−	−	−	+

+ + Major Advantage, + Moderate Advantage, −Moderate Shortcoming, − − Major Shortcoming