Table 1. Characteristics of male US state prisoners with a chronic health condition (N = 643,290)*.
| Lower | Upper | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95% CI | 95% CI | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–50 | 88.7 | 86.2 | 91.3 |
| 51–64 | 11.3 | 10.1 | 12.5 |
| Race | |||
| White | 40.0 | 37.5 | 42.5 |
| Black | 37.8 | 35.7 | 39.8 |
| Other | 22.3 | 20.8 | 23.7 |
| Education | |||
| No HS or GED | 33.9 | 32.1 | 35.7 |
| HS or GED | 52.5 | 50.4 | 54.6 |
| post HS or GED | 13.3 | 12.3 | 14.2 |
| Median annual Income ($)** | 18,531 | 17,897 | 19,165 |
| Homeless at arrest | |||
| Yes | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.7 |
| Received SSA benefits in the month prior to arrest | |||
| Yes | 7.0 | 6.2 | 7.8 |
| Ever received SSA benefits | |||
| Yes | 12.3 | 11.3 | 13.4 |
| Medicaid expansion state | |||
| Yes | 50.9 | 46.6 | 55.2 |
| Chronic condition | |||
| Hypertension | 35.2 | 33.4 | 36.9 |
| Diabetes | 7.5 | 6.7 | 8.2 |
| Heart disease | 15.2 | 14.1 | 16.3 |
| Stroke | 7.4 | 6.6 | 8.3 |
| Asthma | 24.1 | 22.8 | 25.5 |
| Kidney disease | 9.8 | 8.9 | 10.7 |
| Arthritis | 25.5 | 23.8 | 27.1 |
| Hepatitis | 15.8 | 14.5 | 17.2 |
| Cirrhosis | 3.0 | 2.5 | 3.4 |
| Cancer | 2.8 | 2.3 | 3.2 |
| HIV | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.5 |
| Paralysis | 10.5 | 9.5 | 11.4 |
| Depression | 30.8 | 28.6 | 33.0 |
| Anxiety Disorder | 11.0 | 9.8 | 12.2 |
| PTSD | 8.8 | 7.9 | 9.8 |
| Bipolar | 15.0 | 13.7 | 16.3 |
| Psychotic disorder | 7.7 | 6.7 | 8.7 |
| Personality Disorder | 10.0 | 8.9 | 11.0 |
* weighted estimates, based on 2004 survey data
** Respondents reported income by selecting one of several income categories (e.g. No income, $1–100, $200–400, etc.) for the month prior to their incarceration.
For the main analysis, we assigned inmates to the average of the lowest and highest value within selected category. The average values were multiplied by 12 to estimate annual income and adjusted for inflation to 2014 dollars. For the 16% missing income data, we imputed values as the median income of prisoners of a similar age, race, and education Abbreviations: Confidence interval (CI); High School (HS) or General Educational Development/high school degree equivalency (GED); Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD);Social Security Administration (SSA)