Table 1.

Means and standard deviations for all study variables in all study participants and comparing those with and without communication difficulty.

Variable	All participants (n = 742)	Differences based on presence versus absence of CD
		No CD (n = 576)	CD (n = 166)	P
Demographic, health, and disability characteristics:
Age	74.91 (± 6.52)	74.15 (± 6.23)	77.53 (± 6.84)	< .001
Female	0.62 (± 0.49)	0.63 (± 0.48)	0.56 (± 0.50)	.103
Single (divorced, separated, or never married)	0.13 (± 0.33)	0.12 (± 0.33)	0.14 (± 0.35)	.598
Widowed	0.34 (± 0.47)	0.33 (± 0.47)	0.39 (± 0.49)	.164
Self-rated health	2.07 (± 1.07)	2.23 (± 1.04)	1.54 (± 1.03)	< .001
No. of health conditions	2.23 (± 1.61)	2.07 (± 1.58)	2.75 (± 1.63)	< .001
Functional limitations a	0.63 (± 0.64)	0.50 (± 0.55)	1.08 (± 0.72)	< .001
Visual impairment	0.13 (± 0.41)	0.06 (± 0.23)	0.26 (± 0.44)	< .001
Communication difficulty	0.11 (± 0.26)	0.00 (± 0.00)	0.54 (± 0.38)	< .001
Social characteristics:
Social network size	5.94 (± 3.29)	6.14 (± 3.37)	5.17 (± 2.83)	.004
Freq. of positive social exchanges	2.43 (± 0.80)	2.47 (± 0.78)	2.30 (± 0.87)	.036
Freq. of negative social exchanges	0.43 (± 0.56)	0.40 (± 0.54)	0.52 (± 0.64)	.016
Freq. of social participation	1.94 (± 0.74)	2.03 (± 0.70)	1.63 (± 0.77)	< .001
Loneliness	5.08 (± 3.54)	4.69 (± 3.38)	6.45 (± 3.74)	< .001

CD = Communication difficulty.

^aThe average difficulty on a 0-3 scale across 14 ADL and IADL items, excluding phone use.