Table 1.
Univariate Analysis of Mean Costs Stratified by Patient, Operative, Hospital and Comorbid/Complication Characteristics
| # of pts | % of pts | Mean Cost $ | Univariate Relative Median Cost (CI) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Patients | 12389 | 8569 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Patient characteristics | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 18–45 | 6070 | 49.0 | 8355 | reference | – | |
| 45–65 | 4595 | 37.1 | 8980 | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.03 | |
| 65+ | 1725 | 13.9 | 8439 | 1.01 (.95–1.08) | 0.74 | |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 6712 | 70.3 | 8498 | reference | – | |
| Black | 1406 | 14.7 | 8423 | 0.98 (.82–1.17) | 0.84 | |
| Other | 1424 | 14.9 | 8785 | 1.02 (.94–1.12) | 0.6 | |
| Payor | ||||||
| Medicaid | 937 | 7.6 | 8852 | 1.05 (.93–1.18) | 0.42 | |
| No charge | 101 | 0.8 | 11816 | 1.13 (.75–1.71) | 0.56 | |
| Other | 953 | 7.7 | 8760 | 1.04 (.94–1.14) | 0.44 | |
| Private insurance | 7610 | 61.5 | 8552 | 1.00 (.92–1.08) | 0.95 | |
| Self Pay | 578 | 4.7 | 8370 | .95 (.78–1.16) | 0.62 | |
| Medicare | 2196 | 17.7 | 8513 | reference | – | |
| Median Income by Zipcode | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 2383 | 23.3 | 8505 | reference | – | |
| Quartile 2 | 2328 | 22.7 | 8499 | 1.01 (.94–1.09) | 0.79 | |
| Quartile 3 | 2594 | 25.3 | 8920 | 1.04 (.95–1.15) | 0.39 | |
| Quartile 4 | 2930 | 28.6 | 9663 | 1.09 (.9–1.33) | 0.36 | |
| Number of Comorbidities | ||||||
| 0 | 7167 | 57.8 | 8107 | reference | – | |
| 1 | 3068 | 24.8 | 8988 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | <.0001 | |
| 2 | 1578 | 12.7 | 9442 | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 0.003 | |
| 3 or more | 577 | 4.7 | 10263 | 1.27 (1.12–1.43) | 0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| Operative characteristics | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Graft Use | ||||||
| No graft | 9930 | 80.2 | 8276 | reference | – | |
| Buccal graft | 1824 | 14.7 | 10015 | 1.2 (1.14–1.30) | <.0001 | |
| Other graft | 635 | 5.1 | 9466 | 1.12 (1.02–1.24) | 0.02 | |
| Hospital teaching status | ||||||
| Teaching | 2394 | 68.5 | 7512 | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 0.02 | |
| Nonteaching | 1099 | 31.5 | 6735 | reference | – | |
| Annual hospital urethroplasty volume | ||||||
| 1 | 2757 | 22.3 | 6756 | reference | – | |
| 2–9 | 4212 | 34.0 | 8113 | 1.22 (1.12–1.34) | <.0001 | |
| 10+ | 5420 | 43.7 | 9813 | 1.45 (1.17–1.83) | 0.001 | |
|
| ||||||
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Hospital location | ||||||
| rural | 377 | 3.1 | 8730 | 1.01 (.81–1.25) | 0.95 | |
| urban | 11880 | 96.9 | 8604 | reference | – | |
| Hospital region | ||||||
| Northeast | 679 | 19.4 | 7168 | .86 (.73–1.02) | 0.09 | |
| Midwest | 719 | 20.5 | 7040 | .92 (.81–1.04) | 0.17 | |
| South | 1214 | 34.6 | 7015 | .90 (.79–1.01) | 0.08 | |
| West | 895 | 25.5 | 7893 | reference | – | |
| Hospital bedsize | ||||||
| Small | 537 | 4.4 | 7686 | reference | – | |
| Medium | 1659 | 13.5 | 7444 | .97 (.83–1.14) | 0.69 | |
| Large | 10061 | 82.1 | 8835 | 1.12 (.94–1.33) | 0.2 | |
| Length of Hospital Stay | ||||||
| 0 | 117 | 0.9 | 4966 | .75 (.59–.96) | 0.02 | |
| 1 | 3929 | 31.7 | 6321 | reference | – | |
| 2 | 3579 | 28.9 | 7899 | 1.24 (1.15–1.34) | <.0001 | |
| 3 | 2177 | 17.6 | 8121 | 1.32 (1.18–1.46) | <.0001 | |
| 4 | 1087 | 8.8 | 9796 | 1.58 (1.32–1.89) | <.0001 | |
| 5+ | 1499 | 12.1 | 15744 | 2.33 (1.70–3.20) | <.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| Comorbid and Complications characteristics | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Number of Comorbidities | ||||||
| 0 | 7167 | 57.8 | 8107 | reference | – | |
| 1 | 3068 | 24.8 | 8988 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | <.0001 | |
| 2 | 1578 | 12.7 | 9442 | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 0.003 | |
| 3 or more | 577 | 4.7 | 10263 | 1.27 (1.12–1.43) | 0.0001 | |
| Comorbidities Type | ||||||
| Hypertension | 3236 | 26.1 | 9111 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 0.0009 | |
| Diabetes | 1205 | 9.7 | 9174 | 1.04 (.97–1.12) | 0.27 | |
| Diabetes Chronic | 99 | 0.8 | 10785 | 1.18 (.91–1.53) | 0.22 | |
| Chronic Lung Disease | 871 | 7.0 | 8563 | 1.02 (.95–1.10) | 0.52 | |
| Obesity | 885 | 7.1 | 10303 | 1.20 (1.10–1.32) | 0.0001 | |
| Depression | 410 | 3.3 | 9097 | 1.09 (.97–1.22) | 0.15 | |
| Renal failure | 293 | 2.4 | 12234 | 1.41 (1.22–1.64) | <.0001 | |
| Alcohol abuse | 175 | 1.4 | 8972 | 1.08 (.91–1.28) | 0.41 | |
| Arthritis | 169 | 1.4 | 10961 | 1.25 (.99–1.58) | 0.06 | |
| Psychiatric illnesses | 162 | 1.3 | 10015 | 1.17 (.97–1.42) | 0.09 | |
| Liver disease | 156 | 1.3 | 8918 | 1.03 (.88–1.21) | 0.7 | |
| Drug use | 139 | 1.1 | 9612 | 1.10 (.92–1.32) | 0.31 | |
| Perivascular disease | 84 | 0.7 | 11919 | 1.21 (.85–1.72) | 0.29 | |
| Coagulopathy | 78 | 0.6 | 10882 | 1.15 (.83–1.62) | 0.39 | |
| Valvular disease | 58 | 0.5 | 9091 | 1.12 (.92–1.36) | 0.27 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 34 | 0.3 | 12594 | 1.56 (1.19–2.05) | 0.002 | |
| Lymphoma | 29 | 0.2 | 8769 | 1.04 (.74–1.47) | 0.82 | |
| AIDS | 11 | 0.1 | 5209 | .59 (.27–1.31) | 0.2 | |
| Pulmonary/Circulatory disease | 10 | 0.1 | 16613 | 2.05 (1.18–3.56) | 0.01 | |
| Weight loss | 10 | 0.1 | 8984 | 1.15 (.78–1.70) | 0.47 | |
| 12380 | 99.9 | 8599 | ||||
| Complication | 829 | 6.7 | 11550 | 1.29 (1.16–1.42) | <.0001 | |
| 11560 | 93.3 | 8391 | ||||
| Complication Type | ||||||
| Genitourinary | 364 | 2.9 | 12082 | 1.29 (1.12–1.48) | 0.0003 | |
| Surgical | 156 | 1.3 | 9816 | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) | 0.03 | |
| Wound | 143 | 1.2 | 12281 | 1.46 (1.21–1.75) | <.0001 | |
| Cardiovascular | 88 | 0.7 | 17678 | 1.69 (1.24–2.31) | 0.001 | |
| Respiratory | 77 | 0.6 | 19645 | 1.85 (1.18–2.88) | 0.007 | |
| Gastrointestinal | 46 | 0.4 | 7923 | .97 (.74–1.26) | 0.82 | |
| Neurologic | 30 | 0.2 | 6871 | .89 (0.70–1.12) | 0.31 | |
| Medical | 16 | 0.1 | 6224 | .83 (.75–.92) | 0.0003 | |
| Musculoskeletal | 15 | 0.1 | 34118 | 4.5 (4.05–5.10) | <.0001 | |