Table 3.
Potentially traumatic events (PTEs)
| Event | N | n (%) | Male N (%) | Female N (%) | PTSD OR (95% CI) | p | Subthreshold PTSD, OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serious injury | 121 | 50 (41.32) | 41 (45.56) | 9 (29.03) | 4.61 (1.37-15.53) | .01 | 2.67 (1.16-6.18) | .02 |
| Any other situation that was frightening | 116 | 44 (37.93) | 33 (37.93) | 11 (37.93) | 1.88 (0.61-5.81) | .27 | 3.89 (1.61-9.38) | .003 |
| Experienced a beating to the head | 121 | 42 (34.71) | 31 (34.44) | 11 (35.48) | 3.14 (1.03-9.58) | .04 | 2.74 (1.18-6.35) | .02 |
| Lack of shelter | 120 | 40 (33.33) | 31 (34.83) | 9 (22.50) | 2.47 (0.82-7.42) | .11 | 2.52 (1.08-5.87) | .03 |
| Forced separation from family members | 121 | 38 (31.40) | 29 (32.33) | 9 (29.03) | 3.62 (1.18-11.10) | .02 | 2.26 (0.97-5.27) | .06 |
| Being close to death | 120 | 37 (30.83) | 29 (32.58) | 8 (25.81) | 3.75 (1.22-11.52) | .02 | 2.86 (1.22-6.70) | .02 |
| Forced isolation from others | 121 | 35 (28.93) | 25 (27.78) | 10 (32.26) | 2.22 (0.74-6.70) | .16 | 3.32 (1.40-7.85) | .006 |
| Lack of food or water | 121 | 34 (28.10) | 26 (28.89) | 8 (23.53) | 1.87 (0.61-5.77) | .28 | 1.86 (0.78-4.46) | .17 |
| Imprisonment | 121 | 33 (27.27) | 30 (33.33) | 3 (9.09)* | 1.97 (0.64-6.10) | .24 | 1.62 (0.67-3.94) | .28 |
| Unnatural death of family or friend | 120 | 29 (24.17) | 18 (20.22) | 11 (35.48) | 2.30 (0.74-7.18) | .15 | 1.97 (0.80-4.87) | .14 |
| Ill health without access to medical care | 121 | 29 (23.97) | 20 (22.22) | 9 (31.03) | 1.14 (0.33-3.90) | .84 | 2.00 (0.81-4.95) | .13 |
| Drowning experience | 121 | 27 (22.31) | 20 (22.22) | 7 (22.58) | 0.54 (0.11-2.57) | .44 | 2.21 (0.86-5.67) | .10 |
| Rape or sexual abuse | 121 | 26 (21.49) | 13 (14.44) | 13 (50.00)*** | 0.83 (0.21-3.18) | .78 | 2.91 (1.16-7.30) | .02 |
| Lost or kidnaped | 121 | 18 (14.88) | 15 (16.67) | 3 (9.68) | 2.21 (0.62-7.91) | .22 | 2.40 (0.85-6.78) | .10 |
| Brainwashing | 121 | 16 (13.22) | 14 (15.56) | 2 (6.45) | 7.58 (2.15-26.75) | .002 | 6.03 (1.84-19.77) | .003 |
| Combat situation | 120 | 15 (12.50) | 11 (12.36) | 4 (12.90) | 6.59 (1.91-22.78) | .003 | 3.52 (1.16-10.74) | .03 |
| Suffocation experience | 121 | 15 (12.40) | 12 (13.33) | 3 (9.68) | 5.00 (1.40-17.87) | .01 | 6.03 (1.84-19.77) | .003 |
| Torture | 121 | 14 (11.57) | 10 (11.11) | 4 (12.90) | 5.69 (1.56-20.75) | .008 | 5.13 (1.53-17.17) | .008 |
| Murder of family or friend | 121 | 7 (5.79) | 4 (4.44) | 3 (9.68) | 5.94 (1.18-29.79) | .03 | 3.76 (0.79-17.86) | .10 |
| Murder of stranger or strangers | 121 | 7 (5.79) | 4 (4.44) | 3 (9.68) | 1.11 (0.12-9.90) | .93 | 2.02 (0.43-9.57) | .38 |
| Experienced any traumatic event | 121 | 99 (81.82) | 73 (81.11) | 26 (83.87) | --- | --- | ||
| Total traumatic events, M (SD) | 121 | 4.60(4.56) | 4.62(4.75) | 4.52 (4.03) | 1.16 (1.04-1.29) | .008 | 1.18 (1.07-1.29) | <.001 |
Note. Asterisks in the column “female” indicate significant differences by sex.
**p<.01
***
p<.001