Table 2.

Least squares means estimates for balance parameters during quiet standing. Mean ± SE (p-value for contrast with timepoint 1)

Eyes Open	Timepoint 1	Timepoint 2	Timepoint 3	Timepoint 4	Timepoint 5
Planar
EA	211.3 ± 30.5	237.5 ± 23.5 (0.5)	321.2 ± 41.0 (0.03)*	326.4 ± 84.8 (0.2)	345.9 ± 50.0 (0.02)*
RMS	4.8 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.3 (0.1)	6.2 ± 0.4 (0.005)*	6.4 ± 0.6 (0.03)*	6.3 ± 0.5 (0.009)*
MVEL	10.5 ± 0.6	10.4 ± 0.7 (0.9)	11.6 ± 0.8 (0.2)	12.1 ± 1.1 (0.1)	11.8 ± 1.0 (0.2)
Medial-Lateral
RMS	2.9 ± 0.2	3.2 ± 0.2 (0.2)	3.5 ± 0.3 (0.08)	3.8 ± 0.4 (0.02)*	4.3 ± 0.4 (0.003)*
MVEL	5.9 ± 0.4	6.0 ± 0.4 (0.9)	6.4 ± 0.5 (0.4)	6.9 ± 0.7 (0.1)	6.9 ± 0.6 (0.08)
Anterior-Posterior
RMS	3.7 ± 0.3	4.1 ± 0.2 (0.2)	4.9 ± 0.4 (0.01)*	5.2 ± 0.6 (0.03)*	4.5 ± 0.4 (0.1)
MVEL	7.3 ± 0.4	7.2 ± 0.5 (0.8)	8.1 ± 0.6 (0.1)	8.1 ± 0.8 (0.3)	7.9 ± 0.7 (0.4)
Eyes Closed	Timepoint 1	Timepoint 2	Timepoint 3	Timepoint 4	Timepoint 5
Planar
EA	298.3 ± 31.1	433.3 ± 58.2 (0.01)*	407.8 ± 63.4 (0.027)*	529.0 ± 90.3 (0.007)*	557.4 ± 88.7 (0.002)*
RMS	5.8 ± 0.3	6.9 ± 0.5 (0.006)*	6.7 ± 0.5 (0.005)*	7.62 ± 0.6 (0.001)*	7.7 ± 0.6 (<0.001)*
MVEL	13.8 ± 0.9	15.7 ± 1.2 (0.07)	15.7 ± 1.2 (0.06)	15.5 ± 1.6 (0.3)	18.1 ± 1.9 (0.02)*
Medial-Lateral
RMS	3.3 ± 0.2	4.2 ± 0.4 (0.03)*	3.9 ± 0.4 (0.049)*	4.7 ± 0.4 (<0.001)*	4.4 ± 0.4 (0.007)*
MVEL	7.3 ± 0.5	8.8 ± 0.8 (0.04)*	8.1 ± 0.9 (0.3)	8.3 ± 1.1 (0.3)	9.6 ± 1.0 (0.01)*
Anterior-Posterior
RMS	4.7 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3 (0.03)*	5.2 ± 0.4 (0.008)*	5.7 ± 0.5 (0.02)*	6.4 ± 0.5 (<0.001)*
MVEL	10.1 ± 0.6	11.0 ± 0.8 (0.2)	11.5 ± 0.9 (0.07)	11.2 ± 1.2 (0.3)	13.7 ± 1.5 (0.02)*

CoP: center of pressure. EA: 95% confidence CoP ellipse area (mm²). RMS: root mean squared excursion of CoP (mm). MVEL: mean velocity of CoP (mm/s).

^*p < 0.05 for contrast with baseline (timepoint 1)