TABLE 2.

Effects of Center-Based Early Childhood Education Programs on Educational, Social, and Health-Related Outcomes (Data for All Program Types Combined)

Outcome (Number of Studies; Program Types Included)	Mean Age at Follow-up, y	Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI)	Effect Meaningful?	Consistent Across Body of Evidence?
Test scores (27 studies; all types)	3.7	0.29 (0.23–0.34)	Yes	Yes
High school graduation (7 studies; all types)	20.0	0.20 (0.07–0.33)	Yes	Yes
Grade retention (12 studies; all types)	17.0	−0.23 (−0.43 to −0.02)	Yes	Yes
Assignment to special education
(6 studies; state and district and model programs)	15.5	−0.28 (−0.49 to −0.08)	Yes	Yes
Crime (5 studies; all types)	25.0	−0.23 (−0.45 to 0.05)	Yes	No
Teen birth (3 studies; Head Start and model programs)	18.0	−0.46 (−0.92 to 0.0)	Yes	No
Self-regulation (5 studies; state and district and Head Start programs)	18.0	0.21 (0.14–0.28)	Yes	Yes
Emotional development (7 studies; state and district and Head Start programs)	4.0	0.04 (−0.05 to 0.12)	No	No