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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurochem Int. 2016 Mar 21;98:56–71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.03.014

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Simplified schematic model of glutamate shuttling between neurons and astrocytes. For more detailed schematics and descriptions of the metabolic pathways, including stoichiometry of ATP generation or consumption see there are several recent reviews (Dienel, 2013; Hertz, 2013; McKenna, 2013; Sonnewald, 2014). Abbreviations: PAG, phosphate activate glutaminase; GS, glutamine synthetase; GCL, glutamate-cysteine ligase; GSH-S, glutathione synthetase; AT, amino transferase; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; α-KGDH, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; and SNAT, sodium-coupled amino acid transporters. Note there are multiple members of the SNAT gene family (for reviews, see Chaudhry et al., 2002; Pochini et al., 2014).