(a) Illustration of in vivo murine model with continuous femoral infusion. Mouse distal femur were exposed to saline control or UHMWPE particles together with 50μM decoy ODN or scrambled ODN, with or without 1μg/ml LPS for 4 weeks. μCT scanning was performed 1 day before and 4 weeks after the operation. (b) Illustration of ROI used for image analysis. (c) Trabecular bone structures in the distal femur were reconstructed into a 3D image. ROI was generated by selecting the region inside cortical bone on 2D image for every 10th slice for 5 sections (from 1mm to 3mm from the distal femur). Yellow lines indicate the major bone loss area induced by UHMWPE particles with/without LPS infusion (ROI1, see Fig. 3a for details). Green dotted circle (in 3D and 2D image) indicated the inserted titanium rod channel from intercondylar region at distal femur. The 2D image (middle) and H&E histology staining (bottom) around 2.5mm from distal femur were consistent with the observation in 3D image (upper). (d) BVF (700–2,000 HU) in the ROI1 including the major bone loss observed in the 3D image (from 2mm to 3mm from the distal femur in trabecular bone region) were quantified by MicroView Software. PE: UHMWPE particles; UNT: untreated control; S-ODN: scrambled ODN. *p< .05, **p< .01, ***p<0.005