Table 4.
Characteristics of N=251 Participants by Latent Class Controlling for Baseline Age, Socioeconomic Status, Gender, Race, Baseline Mania, and Stimulant Use
| Persisting Low |
Quickly Remitting |
Gradually Remitting |
Persisting High |
PL vs. |
PL vs. |
PL vs. |
QR vs. |
QR vs. |
GR vs. |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnoses through 10-Year Follow-Up |
(N=96) N (%) |
(N=39) N (%) |
(N=60) N (%) |
(N=56) N (%) |
QR p |
GR p |
PH p |
GR p |
PH p |
PH p |
| Maniaa | 5 (5.2) | 28 (71.8) | 35 (58.3) | 42 (75.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.5764 | 0.1604 | 0.0210 |
| MDD | 18 (18.8) | 25 (64.1) | 33 (55.0) | 45 (80.4) | 0.0293 | 0.0200 | <0.0001 | 0.9345 | 0.0057 | 0.0014 |
| ADHD | 13 (13.5) | 38 (97.4) | 60 (100.0) | 56 (100.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Oppositional Defiant | 4 (4.2) | 27 (69.2) | 35 (58.3) | 47 (83.9) | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2536 | 0.1195 | 0.0030 |
| Conduct | 0 (0.0) | 8 (20.5) | 13 (21.7) | 11 (19.6) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Separation Anxiety | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.4) | 5 (8.3) | 6 (10.7) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Generalized Anxiety | 9 (9.4) | 5 (12.8) | 9 (15.0) | 13 (23.2) | 0.7574 | 0.5339 | 0.2165 | 0.7311 | 0.2865 | 0.3545 |
| Post-Traumatic Stress | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Obsessive Compulsive | 3 (3.1) | 4 (10.3) | 4 (6.7) | 10 (17.9) | 0.8785 | 0.8125 | 0.4527 | 0.6092 | 0.4063 | 0.1215 |
| Panic Attack | 13 (13.5) | 9 (23.1) | 19 (31.7) | 18 (32.1) | 0.2616 | 0.0060 | 0.0054 | 0.0617 | 0.0491 | 0.7751 |
| Specific Phobia | 8 (8.3) | 6 (15.4) | 12 (20.00) | 15 (26.8) | 0.3587 | 0.1346 | 0.0673 | 0.5221 | 0.2879 | 0.5737 |
| Social Phobia | 6 (6.3) | 7 (18.0) | 5 (8.3) | 17 (30.4) | 0.3333 | 0.8786 | 0.1197 | 0.1815 | 0.4251 | 0.0193 |
| Adult Substance Use Disorder | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| Any Substance Use | 12 (19.4) | 5 (18.5) | 12 (36.4) | 19 (59.4) | 0.2166 | 0.5450 | 0.8725 | 0.4092 | 0.0826 | 0.2845 |
| Alcohol Use Dx | 9 (14.5) | 2 (7.4) | 9 (27.3) | 16 (50.0) | 0.0202 | 0.1697 | 0.5012 | 0.1401 | 0.0235 | 0.2530 |
| Cannabis Use Dx | 7 (11.3) | 2 (7.4) | 6 (18.2) | 16 (50.0) | 0.5226 | 0.7290 | 0.2741 | 0.6873 | 0.0426 | 0.0341 |
| Other Illicit Use Dx | 0 (0.0) | 2 (7.4) | 2 (6.1) | 6 (18.8) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Temperament and Character Factors | (N=96) Mean (SD) | (N=39) Mean (SD) | (N=60) Mean (SD) | (N=56) Mean (SD) | QR p | GR p | PH p | GR p | PH p | PH p |
| Novelty Seeking | 9.9 (3.3) | 14.0 (2.6) | 13.9 (3.4) | 14.4 (2.9) | 0.0010 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | 0.7087 | 0.2058 | 0.2870 |
| Harm Avoidance | 9.4 (4.9) | 10.7 (5.0) | 10.4 (4.7) | 11.9 (5.0) | 0.0678 | 0.1343 | 0.0337 | 0.6591 | 0.7004 | 0.3474 |
| Reward Dependence | 7.8 (1.4) | 7.5 (1.5) | 7.0 (1.8) | 7.3 (1.9) | 0.4371 | 0.0869 | 0.4869 | 0.2930 | 0.9387 | 0.2081 |
| Persistence | 5.0 (1.3) | 4.2 (1.4) | 3.8 (1.6) | 3.4 (1.5) | 0.0496 | 0.0008 | <0.0001 | 0.1156 | 0.0050 | 0.1211 |
| Self-directedness | 19.3 (1.1) | 18.3 (2.2) | 17.3 (3.1) | 16.4 (3.6) | 0.5413 | 0.0039 | 0.0003 | 0.0093 | 0.0004 | 0.2104 |
| Cooperativeness | 19.3 (1.0) | 18.3 (1.6) | 17.6 (3.5) | 17.4 (3.1) | 0.1943 | 0.0029 | 0.0076 | 0.0559 | 0.1066 | 0.8086 |
| Fantasy | 1.8 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.8 (1.5) | 0.1085 | 0.8111 | 0.0554 | 0.0305 | <0.0001 | 0.0240 |
| Spirituality | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.4) | 0.6265 | 0.3547 | 0.6728 | 0.6254 | 0.9497 | 0.5374 |
a
Baseline mania was not a covariate in the model, because all participants with baseline mania had mania through 10-year follow-up;
PL=Persisting Low, QR=Quickly Remitting, GR=Gradually Remitting, PH=Persisting High