Table 2.
Bivariate associations between sociodemographic and healthcare characteristics and burden of chronic illness and depression/anxiety
| Respondent characteristics | Number of comorbid conditions | Chi-square P value |
Depression/anxiety | Chi-square P value |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (%) | 1 (%) | 2 (%) | 3+ (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | |||
| Sex | 0.9857 | 0.0005 | ||||||
| Male | 40.9 | 26.6 | 18.5 | 14.0 | 78.9 | 21.1 | ||
| Female | 39.9 | 27.1 | 19.0 | 13.9 | 69.1 | 30.9 | ||
| Age, years | <0.0001 | 0.1104 | ||||||
| 18–49 | 58.5 | 25.7 | 11.9 | 3.9 | 72.3 | 27.7 | ||
| 50–64 | 26.6 | 32.1 | 25.6 | 18.8 | 71.9 | 28.1 | ||
| 65+ | 9.6 | 23.5 | 29.0 | 37.8 | 78.7 | 21.3 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | 0.2318 | 0.0193 | ||||||
| NH, white | 39.8 | 26.8 | 19.2 | 14.1 | 71.1 | 28.9 | ||
| NH, black | 39.8 | 27.8 | 20.4 | 12.0 | 82.5 | 17.5 | ||
| NH, other | 54.8 | 23.1 | 15.6 | 6.4 | 80.2 | 19.8 | ||
| Hispanic | 44.9 | 29.7 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 78.3 | 21.7 | ||
| Education | <0.0001 | 0.0032 | ||||||
| High school or less | 27.5 | 27.4 | 23.7 | 21.4 | 74.4 | 25.6 | ||
| Some college | 45.5 | 22.3 | 19.2 | 13.1 | 67.9 | 32.1 | ||
| College graduate or more | 47.7 | 32.6 | 12.5 | 7.2 | 79.5 | 20.5 | ||
| Income | <0.0001 | 0.0083 | ||||||
| <$20,000 | 27.9 | 23.2 | 26.0 | 22.9 | 63.5 | 36.5 | ||
| $20,000–$49,999 | 39.0 | 27.4 | 16.8 | 16.8 | 75.1 | 24.9 | ||
| $50,000–$99,999 | 43.3 | 28.0 | 16.8 | 11.9 | 75.7 | 24.3 | ||
| $100,000 or more | 50.9 | 28.2 | 16.2 | 4.7 | 75.5 | 21.5 | ||
| Marital status | <0.0001 | 0.0513 | ||||||
| Married/living as married | 40.0 | 27.0 | 18.2 | 14.9 | 76.5 | 23.5 | ||
| Single, never been married | 53.4 | 28.4 | 13.5 | 4.7 | 70.2 | 29.8 | ||
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 19.8 | 24.2 | 29.2 | 26.8 | 67.4 | 32.6 | ||
| Born in US | 0.1326 | 0.0134 | ||||||
| Yes | 39.5 | 26.6 | 19.4 | 14.6 | 72.5 | 27.5 | ||
| No | 46.3 | 28.5 | 13.7 | 11.5 | 80.8 | 19.2 | ||
| Rural/urban (USDA) | 0.0658 | 0.1732 | ||||||
| Metropolitan country | 40.8 | 27.8 | 18.7 | 12.7 | 73.1 | 26.9 | ||
| Non-metropolitan (population ≥20,000) | 44.0 | 18.1 | 19.1 | 18.8 | 82.5 | 17.5 | ||
| Non-metropolitan (population <20,000) | 33.8 | 24.2 | 20.5 | 21.5 | 72.4 | 27.6 | ||
| Regular healthcare provider | <0.0001 | 0.6384 | ||||||
| Yes | 36.4 | 27.0 | 20.0 | 16.6 | 73.0 | 27.0 | ||
| No | 51.1 | 26.8 | 15.0 | 7.1 | 75.0 | 25.0 | ||
| Health insurance status | 0.2508 | 0.5132 | ||||||
| Insured | 40.1 | 27.1 | 18.2 | 14.6 | 73.9 | 26.1 | ||
| Not insured | 40.8 | 25.3 | 23.7 | 10.3 | 71.2 | 28.8 | ||
| Number of healthcare visits | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 1–2 | 54.3 | 26.8 | 12.0 | 6.9 | 81.7 | 18.3 | ||
| 3–4 | 32.9 | 26.8 | 22.4 | 17.8 | 71.9 | 28.1 | ||
| 5+ | 23.1 | 26.8 | 27.4 | 22.7 | 60.9 | 39.1 | ||
NH non-Hispanic, USDA US Department of Agriculture