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. 2016 Aug 2;8:180. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00180

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Sleep fragmented flies sleep more than normally maintained flies. (A–D) Analysis of sleep behavior comparing flies on a normal 12:12 light:dark cycle with flies undergoing sleep fragmentation. (A) Total sleep during a 24 h period. (B) Average number of minutes flies slept during the 12 h light or dark period. (C) Average number of sleep bouts during the 12 h light or dark period. (D) Average sleep episode length during the 12 h light or dark period. (A–D: n = 60 flies. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005 compared with controls, A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was performed). (E) qPCR was performed to determine if sleep fragmentation was able to induce an inflammatory response. Both AttacinB (AttB) and Drosomycin (Drs) antimicrobial genes where induced by sleep fragmentation. (All assays were repeated at least seven times. n = 25 male heads per treatment. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005 compared with controls, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons). In all graphs error bars indicate SEM.