FIGURE 3.

Sleep fragmentation induces the oxidative stress pathway. (A,B) Either 5–7 or 25–27 days old control, sleep fragmented or males allowed to recover for 4 days after sleep fragmentation were used. (A) The expression of the cellular stress regulating KEAP1-NFE2L2 system was assessed. In Drosophila NFE2L2 is known as cap-n-collar (cnc). (B) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in young and middle aged males. All assays were repeated at least seven times. (A: n = 25 male heads per treatment. B: n = 3 male heads per treatment; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with controls, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons). In all graphs error bars indicate SEM.