Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses of prognostic factors for overall survival of spinal chordoma patients
| Factors | Categories | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| χ2 | p-value | p-value | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | Male/Female | 1.540 | 0.21 | ||
| Age | ≤ 50/> 50 | 1.459 | 0.22 | ||
| Tumor size | ≤ 5 cm/> 5 cm | 0.127 | 0.72 | ||
| Tumor location | Sacral vertebra/Cervical or thoracic or lumbar vertebra | 0.132 | 0.71 | ||
| Preoperative recurrence | Yes/No | 0.546 | 0.46 | ||
| Surrounding muscle invasion | Yes/No | 6.793 | 0.009 | 0.70 | 1.222 (0.434-3.439) |
| Grade | High/Low | 0.641 | 0.42 | ||
| Stage | IA/IB/IIA/IIB/III | 22.303 | < 0.001 | 0.10 | 1.372 (0.941-1.999) |
| Type of resection | EI/EA | 5.898 | 0.015 | 0.36 | 1.519 (0.619-3.724) |
| Tumor hemorrhage | Yes/No | 0.319 | 0.57 | ||
| Tumor necrosis | Absent/mild/moderate/severe | 4.032 | 0.25 | ||
| Extent of TILs | Negative/Positive | 0.003 | 0.95 | ||
| Ki-67 index | High/Low | 2.045 | 0.15 | ||
| PD-1 expression on tumor cells | Negative/Positive | 1.047 | 0.30 | ||
| PD-L1 expression on tumor cells | Negative/Positive | 0.005 | 0.94 | ||
| PD-1 expression in TILs | Negative/Positive | 1.772 | 0.18 | ||
| PD-L1 expression in TILs | Negative/Positive | 7.007 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.188 (0.051-0.687) |
EI, Enneking inappropriate; EA, Enneking appropriate; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; PD-1, programmed cell death 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death-1 ligand 1; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.