Table 1.
Characteristics of study population, HOMA-IR, and identified metabolomic profiles in 10 included studies.
| Study | Year | Num | Male | Type | Mean age | BMI z score | HOMA-IR | Plasma metabolomic profiles identified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hellmuth et al. [20] | 2016 | 80 | 45% | C | 11.5 ± 2.4 | Obese: 2.40 ± 0.45 |
Obese: 4.29 ± 3.10 |
Total aromatic amino acids, C0, C3, C6:1-DC, C6-oxo, C4/C5-oxo, C5/C6-oxo, C6:1-DC/C5:1, C6-oxo/xLeu, valine, tyrosine, proline, serine, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, and methionine |
|
| ||||||||
| Butte et al. [21] | 2015 | 803 | 50% | O | 11.1 ± 3.9 | Obese: 2.31 ± 0.38; nonobese: 0.64 ± 0.76 |
Obese: 7.46 ± 5.47; nonobese: 3.01 ± 2.49 |
Leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamate, alanine, aspartate, glycine, serine, threonine, histidine, PUFA, peptide, tyrosine, methionine, bradykinin, lysine, phenylalanine, pyroglutamine, polyamine, urea cycle, polypeptide, short-chain acylcarnitines, long-chain acylcarnitine, ketone bodies, dicarboxylated fatty acids, lysolipid, medium-chain fatty acid, monoacylglycerol, phospholipid, androsterone sulfate, epiandrosterone sulfate, steroid derivatives, mannose, pyruvate, glycerate, pantothenate and CoA, citrate, purine, xanthine, pyrimidine, 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine, 3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate, and isovalerylcarnitine |
|
| ||||||||
| Lee et al. [22] | 2015 | 109 | 100% | C | 10.4 ± 0.6 | Obese: 1.49 ± 0.39; nonobese: −0.01 ± 0.15 |
Obese 2.30 ± 2.30; nonobese: 1.20 ± 0.60 |
Leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamine, alanine, glycine, serine, asparagine, lysine, glutamate, proline, citrulline, alpha-aminoadipic acid, C0, C3, C5, C7-DC, C16, and C18 |
|
| ||||||||
| Perng et al. [23] | 2014 | 262 | 50% | O | 8.0 ± 0.9 | Obese: 2.07 ± 0.29; nonobese: −0.04 ± 0.72 |
Obese: 3.49 ± 1.80; nonobese: 1.65 ± 0.65 |
Leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, C3, C5, tryptophan, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, kynurenine, tyrosine, γ-glutamylleucine, 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, isovalerylcarnitine, isobutyrylcarnitine, DHEA-S, 4-androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol disulfate, epiandrosterone sulfate, androsterone sulfate, pregn steroid monosulfate, pregnen-diol disulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, and andro steroid monosulfate |
|
| ||||||||
| Newbern et al. [24] | 2014 | 82 | 50% | O | 13.8 ± 0.2 | Obese male: 2.37 ± 0.06; obese female 2.24 ± 0.05 |
Obese male: 4.08 ± 0.48; obese female: 3.56 ± 0.27 |
Valine, leucine/isoleucine, glutamate/glutamine, C2, C3, C5, total BCAA, β-hydroxybutyrate, C2 to (C3 + C5) ratio, uric acid, histidine, C5-OH/C3-DC, C8:1, C4-DC/Ci4-DC, C10:2, C16, glycine, serine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, proline, alanine, ornament, arginine, C18:1, C18, and C18:1-OH/C16:1-DC |
|
| ||||||||
| Farook et al. [25] | 2015 | 42 | 45% | O | 11.5 ± 3.1 | BMI, obese: 27.5 ± 4.1; overweight: 23.0 ± 3.8; nonobese: 18.1 ± 2.8 |
Obese: 2.1 ± 0.5; overweight: 1.8 ± 0.4; nonobese: 1.5 ± 0.6 |
L-Thyronine, bradykinin, indole-3-propionic acid, naringenin, 2-methylbutyroylcarnitine, 3-hydroxyquinine, LysoPC (18:1), vitamin D3, calicoferol B, diglyceride, malvidin 3-(6-acetyl glucoside), linoleic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphocholine (16:1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mccormack et al. [26] | 2013 | 69 | 58% | C | 13.3 ± 2.9 | 1.04 ± 1.23 Cohort: 2.88 ± 2.17 |
1.84 ± 2.04 Cohort: 1.50 ± 0.87 |
Valine, leucine, isoleucine, citrulline, glutamate, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and phenylalanine |
|
| ||||||||
| Michaliszyn et al. [27] | 2012 | 139 | 47% | O | 13.4 ± 0.2 | BMI, obese: 32.50 ± 0.90; nonobese: 18.90 ± 0.30 |
Obese: 8.01 ± 1.90; nonobese: 4.58 ± 1.50 |
Valine, leucine/isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, glycine, serine, histidine, arginine, C2, C3, C5, C4, tyrosine, alanine, and citrulline |
|
| ||||||||
| Mihalik et al. [28] | 2012 | 103 | 52% | O | 13.3 ± 0.2 | BMI, obese: 34.60 ± 0.70; nonobese: 19.00 ± 0.30 |
Obese: 8.10 ± 3.20; nonobese: 4.00 ± 2.10 |
Leucine/isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, methionine, glycine, serine, histidine, arginine, alanine, citrulline, C2, C3, C4, C4-OH, C5, C5:1, C5-OH, C6, C6-OH, C8, C8:1, C10, C10:1, C10:2, C12, C12-OH, C12:1, C14, C14:1, C14:2, C16, C16:1, C16-OH, C18, C18:1, C18:1-OH-CN, C18:2, and free CN |
|
| ||||||||
| Elshorbagy et al. [29] | 2012 | 984 | 50% | O | 11.0 ± 2.2 | BMI, obese: 27.3 ± 3.73; nonobese: 17.51 ± 1.47 |
Obese: 4.84 ± 2.26; nonobese: 2.16 ± 0.78 |
Total homocysteine, total cysteine, total glutathione, nonesterified fatty acids, and methionine |
Note: num: number; O: observational study; C: cohort study; BMIz: body mass index z score; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; C0: C0 acylcarnitine; C2: C2 acylcarnitine; C3: C3 acylcarnitine; C4: C4 acylcarnitine; C5: C5 acylcarnitine; C7: C7 acylcarnitine; C16: C16 acylcarnitine; C18: C18 acylcarnitine; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids.