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. 2016 Jul 5;6(7):e850. doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.113

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Copyright © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Button presses during the transfer-test phase of the Pavlovian-instrumental transfer task. (a–c) Button presses in 5-s bins before, during, and after presentation of the conditioned stimuli (CSs) for participants in the (a) placebo, (b) amisulpride and (c) naltrexone groups. The CS+ had previously been paired with chocolate; the CS− had not been paired with chocolate. The dotted lines indicate the pre-CS phase (−10 to 0 s) and the onset and offset of the CS phase (0–10 s). (d–f) The mean number of button presses in the pre-CS phase and the CS phase for participants in the (d) placebo, (e) amisulpride and (f) naltrexone groups (**P<0.005). The CS+ is displayed in dark and the CS− in light colors. Error bars represent s.e.m.'s.