Table 6.

Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral anticoagulants

	Warfarin	Dabigatran	Rivaroxaban	Apixaban	Edoxaban
Target(s)	IIa, VIIa, IXa, Xa	IIa	Xa	Xa	Xa
Prodrug	No	Yes	No	No	No
Bioavailability (%)	80–100	6.5 (pH dependent)	80	50	62
Volume of distribution (L)	10	50–70	50	23	>300
Peak effect	4–5 days	1.5–3 h	2–4 h	1–3 h	1–2 h
Half-lifea	40 h	12–17 h	5–9 h	9–14 h	10–14 h
Renal elimination	None	80 %	33 %	25 %	35–50 %
Protein binding (%)	>99	35	90	87	55
Dialyzable	No	Yes	No	No	Possible
Interactions	Many	P-gp	3A4, P-gp	3A4, P-gp	P-gp
Coagulation monitoring	Yes	No	No	No	No
Antidote	Vitamin K	Idarucizumab	No	No	No
Lab measure	INR	aPTT TT, ECT	PT Anti-Xa	Anti-Xa	Anti-Xa

^aNormal renal function

P-gp P glycoprotein, 3A4 cytochrome P450 3A4, INR international normalized ratio, PT prothrombin time, aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time, TT thrombin time, dTT dilute thrombin time, ECT ecarin clotting time