Table 2.
Study sample characteristics, chi-squared test reporting significance level for association with antenatal care utilisation, ordinal regression analysis reporting adjusted OR for being assigned into a higher CTP category
| Antenatal care utilisation classified by the CTP tool | P value | Adjusted OR | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate | Intermediate | Sufficient | Appropriate | χ2 test | |||
| (N = 49) | (N = 46) | (N = 214) | (N = 333) | ||||
| Total (column %) | N (row %) | N (row %) | N (row %) | N (row %) | |||
| Predisposing characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 0.32(a) | (b) | |||||
| ≤20 | 8 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | 6 (75.0) | 2 (25.0) | ||
| 21–35 | 528 (82.2) | 41 (7.8) | 40 (7.6) | 172 (32.6) | 275 (52.1) | ||
| >35 | 106 (16.5) | 8 (7.5) | 6 (5.7) | 36 (34.0) | 56 (52.8) | ||
| Marital status | 0.14(a) | (b) | |||||
| Co-habiting or married | 604 (94.1) | 44 (7.3) | 45 (7.5) | 197 (32.6) | 318 (52.6) | ||
| Single | 38 (5.9) | 5 (13.2) | 1 (2.6) | 17 (44.7) | 15 (39.5) | ||
| Occupational status | <0.001 | ||||||
| Employed | 419 (65.3) | 20 (4.8) | 26 (6.2) | 120 (28.6) | 253 (60.4) | ||
| Unemployed | 223 (34.7) | 29 (13.0) | 20 (9.0) | 94 (42.2) | 80 (35.9) | 0.49 (0.34-0.70) | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | ||||||
| Up to secondary | 376 (58.6) | 35 (9.3) | 33 (8.8) | 139 (37.0) | 169 (44.9) | 0.60 (0.43-0.82) | |
| Tertiary | 266 (41.4) | 14 (5.3) | 13 (4.9) | 75 (28.2) | 164 (61.7) | ||
| Nationality | 0.009 | (b) | |||||
| Belgian/Dutch | 475 (74.0) | 29 (6.1) | 36 (7.6) | 149 (31.4) | 261 (54.9) | ||
| All other nationalities | 167 (26.0) | 20 (12.0) | 10 (6.0) | 65 (38.9) | 72 (43.1) | ||
| Educational level partner | <0.001 | (b) | |||||
| No partner | 38 (5.9) | 5 (13.2) | 1 (2.6) | 17 (44.7) | 15 (39.5) | ||
| Up to secondary | 334 (52.0) | 33 (9.9) | 30 (9.0) | 120 (35.9) | 151 (45.2) | ||
| Tertiary | 270 (42.1) | 11 (4.1) | 15 (5.6) | 77 (28.5) | 167 (61.9) | ||
| Nationality of the partner | 0.003 | (b) | |||||
| No partner | 38 (5.9) | 5 (13.2) | 1 (2.6) | 17 (44.7) | 15 (39.5) | ||
| Belgian/Dutch | 441 (68.7) | 27 (6.1) | 29 (6.6) | 133 (30.2) | 252 (57.1) | ||
| All other nationalities | 163 (25.4) | 17 (10.4) | 16 (9.8) | 64 (39.3) | 66 (40.5) | ||
| Region | 0.009 | ||||||
| Brussels Metropolitan | 321 (50.0) | 31 (9.7) | 26 (8.1) | 118 (36.8) | 146 (45.5) | 0.90 (0.64-1.26) | |
| Urban Dutch regions | 321 (50.0) | 18 (5.6) | 20 (6.2) | 96 (29.9) | 187 (58.3) | ||
| Enabling characteristics | |||||||
| Equivalent income | <0.001 | (b) | |||||
| Low | 112 (17.4) | 17 (15.2) | 9 (8.0) | 51 (45.5) | 35 (31.3) | ||
| Moderate | 451 (70.2) | 29 (6.4) | 33 (7.3) | 141 (31.3) | 248 (55.0) | ||
| High | 79 (12.3) | 3 (3.8) | 4 (5.1) | 22 (27.8) | 50 (63.3) | ||
| Health insurance cover | 0.008(a) | (b) | |||||
| Yes | 623 (97.0) | 46 (7.4) | 46 (7.4) | 202 (32.4) | 329 (52.8) | ||
| No | 19 (3.0) | 3 (15.8) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (63.2) | 4 (21.1) | ||
| Additional health insurance | <0.001 | (b) | |||||
| Yes | 431 (67.1) | 24 (5.6) | 29 (6.7) | 130 (30.2) | 248 (57.5) | ||
| No | 211 (32.9) | 25 (11.8) | 17 (8.1) | 84 (39.8) | 85 (40.3) | ||
| Pregnancy-related characteristics | |||||||
| Parity | 0.042 | (b) | |||||
| Primiparae | 284 (44.2) | 19 (6.7) | 16 (5.6) | 84 (29.6) | 165 (58.1) | ||
| Multiparae | 358 (55.8) | 30 (8.4) | 30 (8.4) | 130 (36.3) | 168 (46.9) | ||
| Wish for pregnancyd | 0.51(a) | (b) | |||||
| Wanted pregnancy | 628 (98.0) | 49 (7.8) | 44 (7.0) | 210 (33.4) | 325 (51.8) | ||
| Unwanted pregnancy | 13 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (15.4) | 4 (30.8) | 7 (53.8) | ||
| Planned pregnancy | 0.013 | (b) | |||||
| Yes | 512 (79.8) | 35 (6.8) | 34 (6.6) | 161 (31.4) | 282 (55.1) | ||
| No | 130 (20.2) | 14 (10.8) | 12 (9.2) | 53 (40.8) | 51 (39.2) | ||
| COCe | 0.041 | ||||||
| <50 % | 463 (72.1) | 42 (9.1) | 39 (7.8) | 158 (34.1) | 227 (49.0) | 0.60 (0.42-0.84) | |
| ≥50 % | 179 (27.9) | 7 (3.9) | 10 (5.6) | 56 (31.3) | 106 (59.2) | ||
| Attending antenatal information classes | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 238 (37.1) | 11 (4.6) | 7 (2.9) | 72 (30.3) | 148 (62.2) | ||
| No | 404 (62.9) | 38 (9.4) | 39 (9.7) | 142 (35.1) | 185 (45.8) | 0.67 (0.47-0.94) | |
aThe condition for the chi-squared test for larger contingency tables was not met: valid if less than 20 % of the expected numbers are under 5 and the minimum expected count is less than 1 37
bNot included in the final model of ordinal logistic regression analysis
c∑ incomes in the household/(1 + (x*0.5) + (y*0.3)) (x: number of adults living in the same household, y: number of children under the age of 18 years living in the same household [modified OECD scale] [23]
d n = 641
eContinuity of Care index: [26]
Bold values signify significant findings P<0.05