Table 1.

Recommendations for measures to prevent fatigue in shift workers

Authors	Citation	Title	Type of paper	Recommendations	Sample size	Sample occupation	Population background
Purnell, Feyer, and Herbison	[53]	The impact of a nap opportunity during the night shift on the performance and alertness of 12-h shift workers	Original	Nap	24	Aircraft maintenance engineers working in 12-h rotating shifts	Age 21–59, all male, at least 4 months of experience
Morgenthaler et al.	[13]	Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report	Systematic review	Nap
Hajak	[54]	Sleepless in a 24-h society. When inner and external rhythms collide	Systematic review	Scheduling, light exposure, consideration of suitability for shift work
Juda, Vetter, and Roenneberg	[55]	Chronotype modulates sleep duration, sleep quality, and social jet lag in shift workers	Original	Scheduling	238	Full-time workers in rotating shifts	83 women, 155 men; average age 38.8 ± 9.6 years
Härmä, Tenkanen, Sjoblom, Alikoski, and Heinsalmi	[56]	Combined effects of shift work and lifestyle on the prevalence of insomnia, sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness	Original	Regular exercises, but not right before an evening shift	3020	Employees of postal and telecommunication agencies, the railway company, and 5 industrial companies, workers in the forest industry and heavy workers	All male, 45–60 years
Roth	[57]	Appropriate therapeutic selection for patients with shift work disorder	Guideline	Timed light exposure
Kolla and Auger	[58]	Jet lag and shift work sleep disorders: how to help reset the internal clock	Systematic review	Exposure to bright light
Thorpy	[14]	Understanding and diagnosing shift work disorder	Systematic review	Exposure to light
Thorpy	[15]	Managing the patient with shift work disorder	Overview	Behavioral measures (exercise and improved sleep hygiene)
Barion and Zee	[59]	A clinical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders	Review	Combination of sleep hygiene education and timed exposure to bright light
Zisapel	[60]	Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: pathophysiology and potential approaches to management	Review	Bright light/avoidance of light at different times
Aelfers, Bosma, Houkes, and van Eijk	[61]	Effectiveness of a minimal psychological intervention to reduce mild to moderate depressions and chronic fatigue in a working population: the design of a randomized controlled trial	Two-armed-randomized controlled trial	MPI (minimal psychological intervention)	124	Workers suffering from (chronic) mental fatigue or mild to moderate depression	115 men and 9 women
Schaefer, Williams, and Zee	[62]	Sleep and circadian misalignment for the hospitalist: a review	Review	Sleep hygiene, caffeine, bright light exposure, and planned naps
Paul, Miller, Gray, Buick, Blazeski, and Arendt	[63]	Circadian phase delay induced by phototherapeutic devices	Original	Bright light exposure	14		7 men, 7 women age: 18–51
Beaumont et al.	[64]	Slow release caffeine and prolonged (64 h) continuous wakefulness: effects on vigilance and cognitive performance	Original	Caffeine	17	Healthy male volunteers	All male from 19–27, mean age: 23 ± 2 years
Crowley, Lee, Tseng, Fogg, and Eastman	[65]	Combinations of bright light, scheduled dark, sunglasses, and melatonin to facilitate circadian entrainment to night shift work	Original	Bright light and dark sunglasses	67	Non-shift workers worked in 5 consecutive simulated night shifts	35 females, 32 males between 18 and 43 (23.9 ± 6.2)
Eastman	[66]	Circadian rhythms and bright light: recommendations for shift work	Review	Light-work-sleep schedules
Lowden, Moreno, Holmbäck, Lennernäs, and Tucker	[67]	Eating and shift work—effects on habits, metabolism, and performance	Review	Wholefood diet and regular food intake