Fig. 1.

Cortex Phellodendri antiviral activities in RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells treated with media alone, 1.0 μg/ml CP, or 1000 unit/ml rmIFN-β at 12 h prior to infection with a PR8-GFP or b VSV-GFP or c NDV-GFP at 1.0 MOI. Images were obtained at 12 hpi (200X magnification). Cell viabilities were determined by trypan blue exclusion and presented as a percentage of the control (cells without treatment). The PR8-GFP and VSV-GFP titer were determined by standard plaque assay. NDV M-gene mRNA expression was evaluated using gene specific PCR primers and all the samples normalized using GAPDH. Cell viabilities are expressed as mean ± SD. Error bars indicate the range of values obtained from counting in triplicate in three independent experiments (*P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference between groups)