Table 3.
Breeding systems in Poa subg. Poa supersect. Homalopoa in the Americas, with current sectional classification and DNA clade in our study
| New World current classification for supersect. Homalopoa (+P. yaganica) | Species | Clades in our study | Breeding system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acutifoliae | P. acinaciphylla | D + | Hermaphroditic |
| *P. planifolia | Gynodioecious | ||
| Dioicopoa | P. alopecurus (viviparous sometimes), P. arachnifera, P. bergii, P. bonariensis, P. calchaquiensis, P. cumingii, P. denudata, P. dolichophylla, P. durifolia, P. holciformis, P. hubbardiana, P. huecu, P. lanigera, P. lanuginosa,P. ligularis, P. nubensis,P. obvallata(viviparous sometimes),P. paposana, P. schizantha, P. spiciformis,P. stuckertii | D | Dioecious |
| P. reitzii | C (D) | ||
| P. arechavaletae Parodi, P. gayana E. Desv., P. megalantha (Parodi) Herter, P. pedersenii Nicora, P. pilcomayensis Hack., P. sellowii Nees, *P. umbrosa Trin., P. uruguayensis Parodi | |||
| *P. iridifolia (viviparous rarely) | D + | Gynodiecious/Dioecious | |
| Unplaced | P. spicigera | D | Pistillate |
| Madropoa | P. pfisteri | D + | Dioecious |
| P. chambersii (gd in eastern population), P. cusickii (often p, rarely gd), P. douglasii, P. fendleriana (rarely h, often p), P. macrantha, P. piperi, P. porsildii | C | ||
| P. atropurpurea Scribn., P. pringlei Scribn. (sometimes p), P. rhizomata Hitchc. (subdioecious), P. sierrae J.T. Howell | |||
| P. nervosa, P. wheeleri (p, rarely with stamens) | C | Sequentially Adjusted Gynomonecious | |
| P. cuspidata | Unplaced | ||
| P. arnowiae Soreng, P. diaboli, P. tracyi Vasey | |||
| P. confinis Vasey, P. leibergii Scribn., P. stebbinsii Soreng (trioecious?) | Gynodioecious | ||
| Anthochloa | *P. lepidula (sgm?) | E | Gynomonoecious |
| Unplaced | P. ramifera | E+, G | |
| Punapoa group | P. humillima, P. marshallii | ||
| P. anae Tovar, P. brevis Hitchc., P. denticulata Hack. (?), P. dentigluma Tovar, P. dissanthelioides | |||
| P. aequigluma, P. chamaeclinos, P. gymnantha, P. perligulata | E | Pistillate | |
| P. unispiculata (d?) | Gynodioecious | ||
| Dissanthelium s.s. | P. calycina (h in North America), P. parvifolia, P. serpana | E + Dissanthelium | Gynomonoecious |
| P. arcuata Refulio, P. congesta Refulio, P. rauhii Refulio, P. swallenii Refulio | |||
| *P. macusaniensis (E.H.L. Krause) Refulio (gm?, see Sulekic,1999) | Hermaphroditic | ||
| ex Dissanthelium (unplaced) | P. linearifolia | Sister to E | Gynomonoecious |
| P. thomasii Refulio, P. amplivaginata (Tovar) Refulio | Hermaphroditic | ||
| *P. aequalis (Swallen & Tovar) Refulio | Gynodioecious | ||
| P. deminuta Refulio (?), P. gigantea (Tovar) Refulio, | Gynomonoecious | ||
| P. trollii (Pilg.) Refulio (?) | Dioecious | ||
| P. boliviana Refulio | Unknown | ||
| Tovarochloa | P. apiculata | E + Tovarochloa | Hermaphroditic |
| Genus Aphanelytrum | A. peruvianum, A. procumbens | E + | |
| Dasypoa | P. laetevirens, P. subspicata | Gynomonoecious | |
| P. parviceps Hack. | |||
| P. scaberula | Unplaced | Hermaphroditic | |
| Homalopoa s.l. (incl. sects.Plicatae) | P. atropidiformis, P. matris-occidentalis (gm?), P. mulleri, P. occidentalis, P. plicata (h?) | ||
| *P. aequatoriensis, *P. cucullata, P. hieronymi, *P. huancavelicae, *P. pauciflora | E + | ||
| P. bigelovii Vasey & Scribn., P. bolanderi Vasey, P. bradei Pilg., P. howellii Vasey & Scribn., P. jujuyensis, P. orizabensis Hitchc., P. parviceps, P. reflexa Vasey & Scribn., P. ruprechtii Peyr. (gm?), P. seleri Pilg., P. strictiramea Hitchc. (?, stamens often aborted late in development, possibly due to apomixis), P. tacanae Swallen, P. talamancae R.W. Pohl, P. wendtii Soreng & P.M. Peterson (?) | |||
| P. bajaensis | Sister to F | ||
| *P. candamoana, *P. gilgiana, *P. glaberrima, P. kurtzii, *P. pearsonii | F | Gynomonoecious | |
| P. horridula | Sequentially Adjusted Gynomonecious | ||
| P. fibrifera | E+, G | ||
| P. androgyna Hack. | |||
| P. superata | Unplaced | ||
| *P. ayacuchensis Tovar (sgm?), *P. chirripoensis R.W. Pohl (sgm or gd?), *P. grisebachii R.E. Fr., *P. leioclada Hack., *P. mucuchachensis Luces, *P. mulalensis Kunth, P. myriantha Hack., *P. orthophylla Pilg., P. oscariana Negritto & Anton, *P. petrosa Swallen, P. pilgeri Negritto & Anton, *P. ragonesei Nicora, *P. scabrivaginata Tovar, P. soderstromii Negritto & Anton, *P. trachyphylla Pilg. | Gynomonoecious | ||
| P. linearifolia | Sister to E | ||
| P. lilloi | Unplaced | Gynodioecious | |
| P. cabreriana Anton & Ariza Esp. | |||
| P. palmeri (trioecious?) | D + | Dioecious Gynodioecious | |
| Sect. Poa | *P. yaganica (sgm?) | ||
| Sect. Monandropoa | P. tucumana Parodi (1 anther) | Hermaphroditic |
Variation and uncertainty in breeding system is given in parentheses: h, hermaphroditic; gm, gynomonoecious (pistillate flowers above perfect flowers in spikelets); sgm, sequentially adjusted gynomonoecious; gd, gynodioecious; d, dioecious; p, pistillate; ?, uncertain.
Breeding system type is from Anton (1978), Anton and Connor (1995), Davidse et al. (2010), Giussani (2000), Giussani et al. (2012), Negrito and Anton (2000, 2006), Nicora (1978), Parodi (1936), Peterson et al. (2006), Refulio-Rodriguez et al. (2012), Soreng (1991, 1998, 2007), Soreng and Keil (2003) and Soreng and Peterson (2008).
*New observations (or those differing from the literature).
Species present in the molecular analysis are indicated in bold; for authorship of these species see Appendix S1.