Table 1.
Microbiota-based treatment with probiotics in alcoholic liver disease - clinical trial
| Patients | Enroll criteria or alcohol amount | Treatment | Results | Ref. |
| Compensated LC | Liver biopsy | Escherichia coli Nissle | Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium sp. ↑ | [70] |
| [alcohol: 22 (56.4%)] | Biochemical study | (2.5-25 × 109 for 42 d) | Proteus hausei and Citrobacter sp. ↓ | |
| Age = 53 | Endotoxin level | Morganella sp. and endotoxemia ↓ | ||
| M/F = 1.8:1 | Stool microbiota | improvement of liver functions | ||
| Alcohol-related psychosis | Consumed 750 mL of Russian vodka (40% ethanol, daily) | Bifidobacterium bifidum | Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli ↑ | [71] |
| [66 (73.3%)] | (0.9 × 108 CFU for 5 d) | AST and ALT ↓ | ||
| Age = 42.3 ± 1.1 | Lactobacillus plantarum 8PA3 (0.9 × 109 CFU for 5 d) | |||
| All males | ||||
| LC | LC | Lactobacillus casei Shirota | Neutrophil phagocytic capacity ↑ | [72] |
| [alcohol: 12 (48%)] | (19.5 × 109 CFU for 28 d) | sTNFR1 ↓ | ||
| Age = 51.2 ± 1.8 | sTNFR2 ↓ | |||
| M/F = 2:1 | IL10 ↓ | |||
| TLR4 ↓ | ||||
| AH [60 (51.3%)] | AST/ALT > 1 | Lactobacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecium | Serum LPS level ↓ | [74] |
| Age = 52.7 ± 11.3 | AST and ALT level ↑ | (1500 mg/d for 7 d) | TNF-α ↓ | |
| M/F = 5.3:1 | Alcohol intake | |||
| > 40 g/d for female | ||||
| > 60 g/d for male |
LC: Liver cirrhosis; AH: Alcoholic hepatitis; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspirate transaminase; IL: Interleukin; sTNFR: Soluble tumor necrosis factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; M: Male; F: Female; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; CFU: Colony forming unit.