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. 2016 May 23;5:47–56. doi: 10.2147/ITT.S73223

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© 2016 Mancuso. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Effects of calorie restriction and obesity on adipose tissue leukocyte populations, adipokine secretion, and chronic inflammation.

Notes: Calorie restriction: VAT and SCAT adipocyte size declines but BMAT increases. Increased anti-inflammatory adipokines with greater risk of infectious disease. Lean state: IL-4, IL-13, IL-10 and TGF-b maintain M2 macrophage phenotype with normal metabolic and immune homeostasis. Obese state: hypertrophy promotes rarefaction and apoptosis. M1 macrophages engulf necrotic adipocytes forming crown-like structures. Proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines promote inflammation and diseases associated with obesity.

Abbreviations: BMAT, bone marrow adipose tissue; T2D, type 2 diabetes; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SCAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; Eos, eosinophils.