Table 3.

Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool

Paper	Sequence generation		Allocation concealment		Blinding		Incomplete data		Selective outcome reporting		Other validity threats
Anderson et al41	L	Randomly assigned to orthosis test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	H	Males and females did not complete the same protocol, flaw in study design
Bousie et al39	L	Randomly assigned to orthosis test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Boyd et al23	L	Randomly assigned to pedal test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Cruz et al42	H	No random allocation to pedal test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes, although with limited methodology and data analysis details	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Dinsdale et al58	L	Randomly assigned to insole test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Gregersen et al9	L	Randomly assigned to pedal test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Hennig et al40	H	No random allocation to shoe test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	-1	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Jorge et al59	H	No random allocation to shoe test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Koch et al56	L	Randomly assigned to orthoses test condition	L	Participants were blinded to the allocation	L	Participants were blinded to the group allocation	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
O’Neill et al15	H	No random allocation to orthoses test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Sanderson et al31	L	Randomly assigned to pedal test condition	U	No indication of allocation concealment process	U	No indication of blinding process for participants or assessors	U	The study did not address this outcome	L	Protocol is available and reports include expected outcomes	L	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias

L = Low bias risk, U = Unclear bias risk, H = High bias risk