Table 4. Predictors of ED hospital charges among patients presenting to ER with gout using linear regression.
| Univariate | Multivariable-adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| B-estimate* (95% CI) | P-value | B-estimate* (95% CI) | P-value | |
|
|
||||
| Age | ||||
| <50 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 50- <65 | 135.32 (91.77, 178.87) | <0.0001 | 34.96 (-7.66, 77.58) | 0.1077 |
| 65- <80 | 432.69 (373.31, 492.06) | <0.0001 | 194.44 (126.28, 262.59) | <0.0001 |
| ≥80 | 629.29 (529.00, 729.59) | <0.0001 | 297.27 (190.66, 403.88) | <0.0001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Male | -189.66 (-233.35, -145.97) | <0.0001 | -47.91 (-93.72, -2.10) | 0.0404 |
| Median household annual income | ||||
| Lowest quartile (< $38,999) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2nd quartile ($39,000 to $47,999) | 15.52 (-59.21, 90.25) | 0.6836 | -10.64 (-82.12, 60.85) | 0.7703 |
| 3rd quartile ($48,000 to $62,999) | 161.60 (47.12, 276.08) | 0.0057 | 61.75 (-38.56,162.06) | 0.2272 |
| Highest quartile ($63,000 or more) | 326.75 (175.69, 477.82) | <0.0001 | 163.24 (20.22, 306.26) | 0.0253 |
| Primary payer | ||||
| Medicare (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Medicaid | -287.55 (-355.54, -219.56) | <0.0001 | -38.93 (-111.09, 33.24) | 0.29 |
| Private insurance | -288.14 (-353.26, -223.02) | <0.0001 | -36.32 (-101.06, 28.43) | 0.2712 |
| Self-pay | -407.62 (-466.61, -348.63) | <0.0001 | -64.21 (-135.71,7.29) | 0.0783 |
| Uninsured/no charge | 41.58 (-231.89, 315.06) | 0.7654 | 331.83 (48.95, 614.72) | 0.0216 |
| Other | -445.00 (-542.37, -347.64) | <0.0001 | -182.50 (-284.05, -80.95) | 0.0004 |
| Patient residence | ||||
| Micropolitan/not metro | Ref | Ref | ||
| Metro (large or small) | 399.80 (302.92, 496.69) | <0.0001 | 297.62 (195.46, 399.79) | <0.0001 |
| Hospital Region | ||||
| Northeast | Ref | Ref | ||
| Midwest | -152.64 (-359.63, 54.35) | 0.1481 | -67.25 (-266.14, 131.65) | 0.507 |
| South | -164.93 (-358.25, 28.40) | 0.0944 | -25.11 (-218.92, 168.69) | 0.7993 |
| West | 207.08 (16.56, 397.60) | 0.0332 | 456.24 (263.16, 649.31) | <0.0001 |
| Teaching status of hospital | ||||
| Metropolitan non -teaching or non-metro | Ref | Ref | ||
| Metropolitan teaching | 265.81 (130.46, 401.15) | 0.0001 | 120.67 (-25.82, 267.16) | 0.1063 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| CHD (ref: no) | 612.59 (490.46, 734.73) | <0.0001 | 187.85 (64.28, 311.42) | 0.0029 |
| Hyperlipidemia (ref: no) | 476.23 (383.64, 568.82) | <0.0001 | 79.03 (-8.63, 166.70) | 0.0771 |
| Renal failure (ref: no) | 1038.97 (871.53, 1206.40) | <0.0001 | 646.76 (484.36, 809.16) | <0.0001 |
| Heart failure (ref: no) | 602.79 (480.09, 725.49) | <0.0001 | 116.96 (2.97, 230.95) | 0.0443 |
| Hypertension (ref: no) | 380.15 (320.33, 439.97) | <0.0001 | 121.65 (65.82,177.48) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes (ref: no) | 466.90 (384.78, 549.03) | <0.0001 | 196.34 (120.43, 272.25) | <0.0001 |
| COPD (ref: no) | 571.87 (414.57, 729.16) | <0.0001 | 164.54 (10.59, 318.50) | 0.0362 |
| Osteoarthritis (ref: no) | 901.13 (723.85, 1078.41) | <0.0001 | 551.31 (384.74, 717.89) | <0.0001 |
CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Significant beta estimates and odds ratios are in bold.