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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016 Jun 2;25(8):1240–1250. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-1079

Table 3.

Associations of Psychological and Decision-Making Variables with Treatment Preference

Variable Categories All (n=1140) Active Treatment (AT) (n=353, 31%) Active Surveillance (AS) (n=448, 39%) No Preference (NP) (n=339, 30%) Significance
AS/ AT/NP a
AS and AT b
AT and NP c
AS and NP d

Knowledge Scale
Mean (SD)
(higher = more knowledge)
continuous 3.51 (0.84) 3.39 (0.84) 3.61 (0.81) 3.49 (0.86) 0.001 a
0.0002 b
0.123 c
0.048 d

SURE scale: Certainty of treatment preference
(higher = more certain)
Mean (SD)
continuous 3.17 (1.18) 3.76 (0.63) 3.54 (0.87) 2.07 (1.23) <.0001 a
<.0001 b
<.0001 c
<.0001 d

Health Worry Scale: Prostate-related anxiety
(higher = more anxious)
Mean (SD)
continuous 10.62 (4.44) 10.17 (4.4) 10.77 (4.39) 10.91(4.52) 0.060 a
0.054 b
0.029 c
0.663 d

Degner Control Preference Scale (N, %) Prefers shared decision 243 (21.7) 37 (10.5) 115 (26.3) 91 (27.6) <.0001 a

Prefers to make decision after considering doctor's opinion 718 (64.2) 237 (67.5) 262 (60) 219 (66.4) <.0001 b
<.0001 c

Prefers to make an independent decision 157 (14) 77 (21.9) 60 (13.7) 20 (6.1) 0.003 d

Aware of low risk status
(N, %)
Incorrect/don't know 117 (10.4) 52 (14.9) 25 (5.7) 40 (12) <.0001 a
<.0001 b

Correct (low risk) 1004 (89.6) 296 (85.1) 416 (94.3) 292 (88) 0.270 c
0.002 d

Numeracy
(N, %)
0 correct 221 (20.5) 63 (18.3) 90 (21.5) 68 (21.4) 0.409 a

1 correct 337 (31.2) 119 (34.6) 129 (30.9) 89 (28) 0.409 b
0.173 c

2 correct 522 (48.3) 162 (47.1) 199 (47.6) 161 (50.6) 0.659 d

* Percentages may not add up to 100 due to missing values