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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2016 Jul-Sep;30(3):230–236. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000136

Table 3.

Association between physical impairment staging and cognitive performance with and without adjustment for covariates

N Intercept No physical
dysfunction		 UE
impairment		 LE
impairment		 Mobility
limitation
Cognitive performance
Model 1 327 24.06±0.38
(p<0.001)		 0 −2.06±1.01
(p=0.043)		 −3.59±0.69
(p<0.001)		 −4.41±1.00
(p<0.001)
Model 2 295 35.12±3.80
(p<0.001)		 0 −1.56±1.07
(p=0.147)		 −2.99±0.75
(p<0.001)		 −3.69±1.09
(p<0.001)
Model 3 279 35.47±3.77
(p<0.001)		 0 −1.43±1.05
(p=0.175)		 −2.95±0.77
(p<0.001)		 −3.78±1.09
(p<0.001)
Cognitive impairment
Model 1 327 2.37±0.26
(p<0.001)		 0 −0.76±0.56
(p=0.171)		 −1.48±0.36
(p<0.001)		 −1.63±0.46
(p<0.001)
Model 2 295 7.87±2.57
(p=0.002)		 0 −0.41±0.66
(p=0.529)		 −1.11±0.43
(p=0.010)		 −1.15±0.57
(p=0.047)
Model 3 279 8.44±2.71
(p=0.002)		 0 −0.44±0.67
(p=0.515)		 −1.27±0.46
(p=0.006)		 −1.27±0.61
(p=0.038)

Notes:

N=number of subjects; values represent estimated effect on outcome ±standard error (p value); GS=handgrip strength; LE=lower extremity;

Model 1 adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity; Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, height, abdominal/hip girth ratio, and total number of comorbidities; Model 3 adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, height, abdominal/hip girth ratio, total number of comorbidities, and depressive symptoms. Physical limitation was measured by presence of impairment in both grip strength and lower extremity.