Table 4.
Relationships between sociodemographic variables and HLQ scores
| Variable | 1. Feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers | 2. Having sufficient information to manage my health | 3. Actively managing my health | 4. Social support for health | 5. Appraisal of health information | 6. Ability to actively engage with healthcare providers | 7. Navigating the healthcare system | 8. Ability to find good health information | 9. Understand health information enough to know what to do |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.00 (0.59) | 3.00 (2.53) | 2.85 (0.50) | 3.15 (0.56) | 2.77 (0.54) | 3.98 (0.60) | 3.71 (0.60) | 4.05 (0.59) | 3.99 (0.51) |
| Male | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.00 (0.61) | 2.99 (0.54) | 2.82 (0.62) | 3.13 (0.52) | 2.72 (0.58) | 4.01 (0.58) | 3.67 (0.62) | 3.91 (0.63) | 2.91 (0.62) |
| ANOVA | F = 0.00; 1, 473 df; p = 0.950 | F = 0.12; 1, 472 df; p = 0.732 | F = 0.28; 1, 469 df; p = 0.600 | F = 0.19; 1, 474 df; p = 0.666 | F = 0.86; 1, 473 df; p = 0.354 | F = 0.33; 1, 473 df; p = 0.569 | F = 0.47; 1, 466 df; p = 0.493 | F = 6.32; 1, 469 df; p = 0.012 | F = 2.91; 1, 470 df; p = 0.090 |
| ES (95 % CI) |
0.01 (−0.18 to 0.19) |
0.04 (−0.23 to 0.14) |
0.05 (−0.13 to 0.23) |
0.04 (−0.14 to 0.22) |
0.09 (−0.10 to 0.27) |
−0.05 (−0.24 to 0.13) |
0.06 (−0.12 to 0.25) |
0.24
(0.05 to 0.42) |
0.16 (−0.02 to 0.34) |
| Age | |||||||||
| <65 years | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.00 (0. 62) | 3.05 (0.54) | 2.84 (0.56) | 3.20 (0.50) | 2.77 (0.54) | 3.97 (0.59) | 3.69 (0.60) | 4.01 (0.57) | 3.95 (0.55) |
| ≥65 years | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.01 (0.53) | 3.08 (0.52) | 2.83 (0.51) | 2.99 (0.55) | 2.66 (0.60) | 4.02 (0.55) | 3.73 (0.61) | 3.94 (0.67) | 3.99 (0.61) |
| ANOVA | F = 0.01; 1, 444 df; p = 0.923 | F = 0.30; 1, 442 df; p = 0.586 | F = 0.02; 1, 439 df; p = 0.879 | F = 12.50; 1, 444 df; p > 0.001 | F = 3.55; 1, 443 df; p = 0.060 | F = 0.65; 1, 442 df; p = 0.421 | F = 0.35; 1, 436 df; p = 0.556 | F = 1.28; 1, 439 df; p = 0.258 | F = 0.41; 1, 440 df; p = 0.521 |
| ES (95 % CI) |
−0.01 (−0.23 to 0.21) |
−0.06 (−0.28 to 0.16) |
−0.02 (−0.21 to 0.24) |
0.40
(0.18 to 0.62) |
0.21 (−0.01 to 0.44) |
−0.09 (−0.31 to 0.13) |
−0.07 (−0.29 to 0.16) |
0.13 (−0.09 to 0.35) |
−0.07 (−0.30 to 0.15) |
| Education | |||||||||
| ≤Year 12 | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.98 (0.56) | 2.97 (0.55) | 2.77 (0.57) | 3.08 (0.53) | 2.64 (0.56) | 3.95 (0.61) | 3.59 (0.65) | 3.83 (0.67) | 3.86 (0.61) |
| High school diploma | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.03 (0.62) | 3.13 (0.53) | 2.88 (0.55) | 3.20 (0.51) | 2.82 (0.56) | 4.02 (0.57) | 3.78 (0.56) | 4.13 (0.51) | 4.04 (0.51) |
| ANOVA | F = 0.78; 1, 442 df; p = 0.379 | F = 9.61; 1, 440 df; p = 0.002 | F = 3.72; 1, 437 df; p = 0.054 | F = 5.72; 1, 442 df; p = 0.017 | F = 10.38; 1, 440 df; p = 0.001 | F = 1.57; 1, 440 df; p = 0.210 | F = 10.49; 1, 434 df; p = 0.001 | F = 28.19; 1, 437 df; p = 0.000 | F = 11.75; 1, 438 df; p = 0.001 |
| ES (95 % CI) |
−0.08 (−0.27 to 0.10) |
−0.30
(−0.48 to −0.11) |
−0.19 (−0.37 to −0.00) |
−0.23
(−0.42 to −0.04) |
−0.31
(−0.50 to −0.12) |
−0.12 (−0.31 to 0.07) |
−0.31
(−0.50 to −0.12) |
−0.51
(−0.70 to −0.32) |
−0.33
(−0.52 to −0.14) |
| Mother tongue | |||||||||
| Danish | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.00 (0.59) | 3.06 (0.54) | 2.83 (0.56) | 3.14 (0.53) | 2.73 (0.56) | 3.98 (0.59) | 3.69 (0.60) | 3.99 (0.59) | 3.95 (0.56) |
| Other | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.99 (0.67) | 3.04 (0.53) | 2.85 (0.51) | 3.09 (0.42) | 2.89 (0.53) | 3.99 (0.62) | 3.71 (0.69) | 4.13 (0.67) | 4.06 (0.59) |
| ANOVA | F = 0.01; 1, 472 df; p = 0.936 | F = 0.03; 1, 471 df; p = 0.548 | F = 0.04; 1, 640.6 df; p = 0.835 | F = 0.34; 1, 473 df; p = 0.558 | F = 2.51; 1, 472 df; p = 0.114 | F = 0.01; 1, 471 df; p = 0.931 | F = 0.02; 1, 465 df; p = 0.893 | F = 1.81; 1, 468 df; p = 0.180 | F = 1.30; 1, 469 df; p = 0.255 |
| ES (95 % CI) |
0.01 (−0.34 to 0.37) |
0.03 (−0.32 to 0.38) |
−0.04 (−0.39 to 0.32) |
0.10 (−0.24 to 0.45) |
−0.28 (−0.63 to −0.07) |
−0.02 (−0.36 to 0.33) |
−0.02 (−037 to 0.33) |
−0.24 (−0.59 to 0.11) |
−0.20 (−0.55 to 0.15) |
| Long illness or disability | |||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.97 (0.59) | 3.13 (0.49) | 2.90 (0.54) | 3.22 (0.45) | 2.80 (0.53) | 3.99 (0.59) | 3.73 (0.60) | 4.04 (0.58) | 3.98 (0.54) |
| No | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.92 (0.58) | 2.94 (0.60) | 2.74 (0.55) | 3.02 (0.58) | 2.67 (0.59) | 3.98 (0.62) | 3.63 (0.61) | 3.92 (0.63) | 3.93 (0.58) |
| ANOVA | F = 2.23; 1, 474 df; p = 0.136 | F = 13.95; 1, 473 df; p = 0.000 | F = 8.85; 1, 640.6 df; p = 0.003 | F = 17.78; 1, 475 df; p = 0.000 | F = 6.47; 1, 473 df; p = 0.011 | F = 0.02; 1, 473 df; p = 0.900 | F = 2.58; 1, 467 df; p = 0.109 | F = 4.32; 1, 470 df; p = 0.038 | F = 0.96; 1, 471 df; p = 0.328 |
| ES (95 % CI) |
−0.14 (−0.32 to 0.04) |
0.35
(0.16 to 0.53) |
0.28
(0.09 to 0.46) |
0.39
(0.21 to 0.58) |
0.24
(0.05 to 0.42) |
0.01 (−0.17 to 0.19) |
0.15 (−0.03 to 0.34) |
0.20
(0.01 to 0.38) |
0.09 (−0.09 to 0.28) |
| Self-rated health | |||||||||
| Excellent, very good | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.06 (0.60) | 3.17 (0.50) | 2.94 (0.53) | 3.26 (0.47) | 2.84 (0.53) | 4.05 (0.54) | 3.79 (0.60) | 4.10 (0.57) | 4.04 (0.53) |
| Good, less good, poor | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.92 (0.58) | 2.91 (0.60) | 270 (0.55) | 2.99 (0.54) | 2.64 (0.57) | 3.92 (0.60) | 3.56 (0.61) | 3.85 (0.62) | 3.95 (0.58) |
| ANOVA | F = 6.33; 1, 474 df; p = 0.012 | F = 27.67; 1, 473 df; p = 0.000 | F = 23.98; 1, 470 df; p = 0.000 | F = 32.01; 1, 475 df; p = 0.000 | F = 15.58; 1, 473 df; p = 0.000 | F = 5.81; 1, 473 df; p = 0.016 | F = 18.30; 1, 467 df; p = 0.000 | F = 19.80; 1, 470 df; p = 0.000 | F = 14.17; 1, 471 df; p = 0.000 |
| ES (95 % CI) |
0.23
(0.05 to 0.41) |
0.49
(0.30 to 0.67) |
0.45
(0.27 to 0.64) |
0.52
(0.34 to 0.70) |
0.36
(0.18 to 0.55) |
0.22
(0.04 to 0.40) |
0.40
(0.21 to 0.58) |
0.41
(0.23 to 0.60) |
0.35
(0.17 to 0.53) |
ES effect size