FIGURE 1.

Classes of bacteria developing resistance under the influence of veterinary AMD usage and consequences for animal, human and public health. The veterinary use of AMDs is inescapably linked to the risk of emergence of AMR in veterinary targeted pathogens, zoonotic food-borne pathogens and the animal commensal microbiota. AMR for the targeted pathogen raises animal health issues only, whereas AMR for zoonotic pathogens and bacteria in the commensal microbiota (principally in the digestive tract) raises public health issues. However, for zoonotic pathogens, the problem, although important, is solely an individual medical problem. For the animal commensal microbiota, on the other hand, the concern is ecological, collective and worldwide. It is this latter issue that drives the requirement for new, green AMDs in veterinary medicine.