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. 2016 Aug 3;7:231. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00231

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Copyright © 2016 Marote, Teixeira, Mendes-Pinheiro and Salgado.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Origin, composition, and therapeutic potential of MSCs-derived exosomes. (A) Endocytic origin of MSCs-derived exosomes and influence of tissue from which MSCs are isolated and culture conditions on exosome secretion profile. (B) Size and composition of exosomes, depicting in gray the molecular markers of exosomes (CD9, 63, 81, and 82, ALIX and TSG10). (C) Therapeutic potential and suggested miRNAs and proteins mediating the regenerative effects of MSCs-derived exosomes. MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum; GC, Golgi complex; MVBs, multivesicular bodies; NEP, Neprilysin; ESC, embryonic stem cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells.