Table 1.
Study characteristics on the impairments of postural control's studies.
| Author | Sample size | Age | Groups | Examined variables | Procedure | Results and conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boucher et al. (1995) [17] | 29 | Not stated | DPN (17) Control (12) |
Postural sway: (1) sway range; (2) sway speed; (3) sway dispersion |
Kistler piezoelectric force platform was used to measure the displacement of the COP foot in EO and EC conditions. | DPN showed a larger range of sway, faster sway speed, and greater sway dispersion than control in EO and EC. |
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| Corriveau et al. (2000) [18] | 30 | >60 | DPN (15) Control (15) |
COP-COM in A/P and M/L | Standing on two adjacent force platforms in EO and EC condition. | DPN group demonstrated less stable posture than the control group, with EO and EC. |
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| Dickstein et al. (2003) [19] | 18 | Not stated | DPN (8) Control (10) |
Postural responds | Standing barefoot with EC on the surface of a dual force platform. Each subject was tested under three touch conditions—no touch (NT), light touch (LT), and heavy touch (HT)—during three backward translation velocities of 10, 20, and 30 cm/s. | Postural response latencies were significantly longer and scaling of initial response magnitude in proportion to translation velocity was significantly smaller in the DPN group compared to the control group. |
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| Dixit et al. (2015) [20] | 61 | Not stated | DPN (61) | Postural stability | Force platform in static stance and at pelvis width in EO, EC, and EO on foam and EC on foam. | There was a significant difference in DPN group, with greater sway amplitude on firm and foam surface in all the conditions. |
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| Fahmy et al. (2014) [21] | 60 | 40–50 | DPN (30) Control (30) |
Postural stability (effect of proprioceptive sense and vestibular function) | BMS force plate: (i) LOS test: maximum distance a person can displace his COG without losing balance. (ii) mCTSIB: standing on the force plate with EO and then EC, using firm and foam surfaces successively. |
DPN group reduced postural stability in EC compared to the control group. Affection of foot sensation and proprioception in DPN may affect the result of LOS and postural stability examination. |
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| de Souza Fortaleza et al. (2013) [22] | 30 | 55–70 | DPN (13) Control (17) |
Postural control: (MAO-A/P, MAO-M/L, ASO-A/P, and ASO-M/L) |
MAO and ASO were analyzed by a kinematics system with standing position for 30 seconds in EO, EC, and ST. | There was increase in MAO-A/P (due to vision) and MAO-M/L (due to reducing BOS) in DPN in the EO and EC. MAO-A/P failed to show changes in the ST position in the DPN group. |
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| Fulk et al. (2010) [23] | 83 | Not stated | DM with PN (25) DM without DPN (7) DPN without DM (19) Control (32) |
Postural perturbation | Sliding Linear Investigative Platform for Assessing Lower Limb Stability (SLIP-FALLS). | DM with and without DPN group required higher accelerations to detect a 1 mm and 4 mm displacement. DPN may not be the only cause of impaired balance in people with DM. |
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| Giacomini et al. (1996) [24] | 54 | Not stated | DPN (23) DM without DPN (10) Control (21) |
Body sway: (1) velocity of COG sway; (2) VFY |
Static posturography with EO and EC. | Mean velocity of sway, velocity, and VFY were higher in DPN group, which lead to instability. |
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| Nardone et al. (2006) [25] | 47 | 43–77 | DPN (27) Control (20) |
Reflex responses to stance perturbation (static and dynamic) | Static standing EO and EC on a tilting platform. Stabilometry (dynamometric platform). Dynamic balance (horizontal sinusoidal platform) in the A-P direction. |
DPN group are unstable during quiet stance compared to the control group. During a dynamic balance task, the head AP displacement was only slightly increased in the patient groups with respect to normal group. |
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| Palma et al. (2013) [26] | 20 | 40–54 | DPN (10) DM without DPN (10) |
Static balance | Static balance was evaluated using the COP mean ratio on a Wii Balance Board® under EO and EC. | DPN group demonstrated worse static balance than participants without DPN in the EC. |
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| Salsabili et al. (2013) [27] | 19 | 40–70 | DPN (19) | COP fluctuations AP and ML | Force platform. | DPN group has decreased in postural sway at low-medium frequencies showing lower reliance on vestibular system. |
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| Sawacha et al. (2009) [28] | 67 | Not stated | DPN (26) DM without DPN (21) Control (20) |
Posture | Plantar pressure systems. | Altered posture was found in diabetic patients irrespective of polyneuropathy. |
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| Simoneau et al. (1994) [29] | 51 | 40–70 | DPN (17) DM without DPN (17) Control (17) |
Postural stability | Standing on force platform under four conditions: EO/head straight, EO/head back, EC/head straight, and EC/head back. | DPN group had a significant effect on stability during standing, but DM and control groups had no effect. |
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| Toosizadeh et al. (2015) [30] | 36 | >55 | DPN (18) Control (18) |
Body sway parameters | Standing with EO and EC with 2 sensors (triaxial accelerometer and triaxial gyroscope) attached to the ankle and hip joints. | Body sway (COG (AP) sway, COG (ML) sway, and COG sway) in EO and EC in DPN group was higher than that in the control group. |
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| Turcot et al. (2009) [31] | 36 | Not stated | DM without DPN (12) DPN (12) Control (12) |
Balance stability | Quiet standing balance was investigated using an accelerometric-based method in EO and EC. Accelerations were measured at lumbar and ankle levels using three accelerometers. |
DPN group have greater postural instability with higher acceleration values than those of control group and DM without DPN. |
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| Uccioli et al. (1995) [32] | 54 | Not stated | DPN (23) DM without DPN (10) Control (21) |
Body sway: (1) trace length; (2) trace surface; (3) MVEL |
Static posturography with EO and EC | There were larger trace surfaces, longer trace length, and faster MVEL in EO and EC condition in DPN compared to other groups. DPN group demonstrate high postural sway. |
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| Yamamoto et al. (2001) [33] | 110 | Not stated | DPN (32) DM without DPN (23) Control (55) |
Postural sway | Posturography | DPN group exhibited an inability to maintain an upright posture. |
EO: eyes open, EC: eyes closed, BMS: Balance Master System, LOS: limits of stability, mCTSIB: Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance, COP: Centre of Pressure, COM: Centre of Mass, COG: Centre of Gravity, A/P: anterior/posterior, M/L: medial/lateral, MAO: Mean Amplitude Oscillation, ASO: Average Speed Oscillation, ST: Semitandem, MVEL: mean velocity of body sway, and VFY: physiological ankle control to hip postural control.