Table 1.
SHOX Interacting Proteins, Cellular Targets, and Modulators of Activity
| Category | Gene/Cell Factor | Abbreviation | Model System | Interaction With SHOX | First Author, Year (Ref.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upstream regulators | Retinoic acid | RA | Chicken embryos | Regulates Shox expression negatively | Tiecke, 2006 (27) |
| Bone morphogenetic protein 4 | BMP4 | Chicken embryos | Regulates Shox expression negatively | Tiecke, 2006 (27) | |
| Fibroblast growth factor 1 | FGF1 | Chicken embryos | Regulates Shox expression negatively | Tiecke, 2006 (27) | |
| Homeobox A9 | HOXA9 | Human cell lines, chicken micromass chicken buds | Binds to the SHOX promoter, regulates expression negatively | Durand, 2012 (126) | |
| Physical interacting proteins | Casein kinase 2, α 1 polypeptide | CSNK2A1 | Human cell lines | Involved in SHOX phosphorylation | Marchini, 2006 (63) |
| SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 5 | SOX 5 | Human cell lines and growth plate | Forms a complex with SHOX together with SOX6 and SOX9 | Aza-Carmona, 2011 (113) | |
| SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 6 | SOX6 | Human cell lines and growth plate | Forms a complex with SHOX together with SOX5 and SOX9 | Aza-Carmona, 2011 (113) | |
| SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 | SOX9 | Human cell lines and growth plate | Forms a complex with SHOX together with SOX5 and SOX6 | Aza-Carmona, 2011 (113) | |
| Short stature homeobox 2 | SHOX2 | Human cell lines | Forms heterodimers with SHOX | Aza-Carmona, 2014 (118) | |
| Transcriptional direct targets | Natriuretic peptide B | NPPB | Human cell lines and growth plate | Up-regulated by SHOX, co-expression | Marchini, 2007 (103) |
| Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 | FGFR3 | Human cell lines and chicken micromass | Down-regulated | Decker, 2011 (28) | |
| Connective tissue growth factor | CTGF | Human cell lines and growth plate | Up-regulated, co-expression | Beiser, 2014 (119) | |
| Cellular mediators | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) | CDKN1A | Human cell lines | Up-regulated in SHOX-expressing cells; involved in SHOX-induced cell cycle arrest | Marchini, 2004 (98) |
| Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27, Kip1) | CDKN1B | Human cell lines | Up-regulated in SHOX-expressing cells; involved in SHOX-induced cell cycle arrest | Marchini, 2004 (98) | |
| Tumor protein p53 | TP53 | Human cell lines | Up-regulated in SHOX-expressing cells | Marchini, 2004 (98) | |
| Retinoblastoma-like2 (p130) | RBL2 | Human cell lines | Up-regulated in SHOX-expressing cells | Marchini, 2004 (98) | |
| Cathepsin B | CTSB | Human cell lines | Mediators of SHOX-induced cell death | Hristov, 2014 (101) | |
| Reactive oxygen species | ROS | Human cell lines | Mediators of SHOX-induced cell death | Hristov, 2014 (101) | |
| Reactive nitrogen species | RNS | Human cell lines | Mediators of SHOX-induced cell death | Hristov, 2014 (101) |