Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Outcomes at Baseline by Trial Arm
| Characteristic | CCRT (N = 53), n (%) | Limited CCRT (N = 52), n (%) | Control (N = 54), n (%) | p-Value for comparison by arm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 29 (55) | 26 (49) | 22 (42) | .39 |
| Female | 24 (45) | 27 (51) | 31 (58) | |
| County | ||||
| Kayunga (periurban) | 6 (11) | 16 (30) | 13 (25) | .13 |
| Kangulumira (rural) | 11 (21) | 7 (13) | 12 (22) | |
| Other (rural) | 36 (68) | 30 (57) | 28 (53) | |
| Caregiver | ||||
| Mother | 23 (43) | 20 (38) | 18 (34) | .60 |
| Other | 30 (57) | 33 (62) | 35 (66) | |
| On HAART at intake | ||||
| No | 27 (51) | 15 (28) | 25 (47) | .04* |
| Yes | 26 (49) | 38 (72) | 28 (53) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 9.20 (1.70) | 8.86 (1.90) | 8.65 (1.97) | .30 |
| Weight-for-age z scorea | −1.27 (0.81) | −1.14 (1.01) | −1.17 (0.93) | .74 |
| Height-for-age z scorea | −1.19 (1.42) | −1.28 (1.44) | −1.22 (1.34) | .94 |
| Socioeconomic score | 9.68 (3.10) | 11.00 (3.50) | 10.04 (2.93) | .09 |
| HOME score total | 28.19 (6.71) | 29.87 (6.70) | 29.34 (5.85) | .40 |
| CD4% | 35.61 (14.06) | 37.25 (15.47) | 34.92 (15.22) | .71 |
| CD4_38H (CD4 activation) | 5.12 (4.53) | 5.23 (5.46) | 6.09 (5.01) | .56 |
| CD8% | 54.14 (13.23) | 52.84 (14.27) | 54.15 (13.44) | .85 |
| CD8_38H (CD8 activation) | 17.00 (10.35) | 14.84 (10.69) | 18.21 (12.01) | .29 |
| Viral load (log) | 7.21 (5.47) | 5.72 (5.54) | 7.66 (5.32) | .17 |
| KABC-IIb sequential processing | 69.25 (9.95) | 70.25 (8.70) | 68.38 (10.22) | .61 |
| KABC-II simultaneous processing | 59.85 (9.55) | 60.81 (11.19) | 61.96 (9.88) | .83 |
| KABC-II learning | 64.01 (9.14) | 71.00 (11.31) | 64.81 (8.56) | <.01** |
| KABC-II knowledge | 63.62 (10.35) | 64.85 (13.62) | 62.13 (13.10) | .53 |
| KABC-II planning | 59.23 (7.07) | 58.61 (11.74) | 59.90 (7.59) | .81 |
| KABC-II delayed recall | 65.89 (8.50) | 70.77 (10.78) | 67.17 (7.95) | .02* |
| KABC-II nonverbal index | 57.68 (7.96) | 58.23 (13.54) | 58.36 (7.62) | .94 |
| KABC-II mental processing index | 56.83 (7.16) | 59.30 (8.50) | 57.91 (6.54) | .23 |
| TOVA% omission errors | 22.81 (20.39) | 21.53 (21.13) | 26.55 (20.81) | .44 |
| TOVA% commission errors | 12.06 (10.77) | 13.32 (13.46) | 13.07 (11.12) | .85 |
| TOVA response time (msec) | 651.81 (146.62) | 653.42 (140.53) | 692.77 (143.92) | .25 |
| TOVA response time variability (msec) | 251.43 (72.02) | 254.30 (82.27) | 270.71 (67.41) | .35 |
| TOVA D prime signal detection score | 2.42 (0.95) | 2.28 (1.18) | 2.06 (1.03) | .52 |
| TOVA ADHD index | −6.09 (3.15) | −5.35 (3.25) | −5.99 (2.45) | .38 |
| BOT-2 total motor scorec | 33.06 (4.40) | 32.34 (5.24) | 31.79 (5.40) | .43 |
| CogState, maze chase correct moves per second | 0.20 (0.13) | 0.22 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.13) | .46 |
| CogState, moves maze learning correct moves per second | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.08) | .07 |
| CogState, detection time: playing card turning (log msec) | 2.85 (0.11) | 2.83 (0.12) | 2.86 (0.10) | .32 |
| CogState, identification time: red playing card turning log msec) | 2.98 (0.10) | 2.98 (0.10) | 3.00 (0.09) | .73 |
| CogState, accuracy in one-card learning | 0.62 (0.18) | 0.60 (0.14) | 0.57 (0.16) | .26 |
| CogState, accuracy in one-back card memory | 0.67 (0.29) | 0.70 (0.27) | 0.58 (0.28) | .10 |
| BRIEF behavior regulation indexc | 47.83 (11.13) | 46.09 (9.09) | 44.79 (7.12) | .28 |
| BRIEF metacognition index | 50.04 (11.31) | 47.00 (8.62) | 49.13 (9.83) | .32 |
| BRIEF global executive composite | 49.17 (11.13) | 46.45 (8.12) | 47.44 (8.27) | .36 |
| CBCL externalizing totalc | 60.69 (9.92) | 58.42 (6.88) | 58.25 (7.52) | .24 |
| CBCL internalizing total | 61.63 (8.73) | 60.13 (8.63) | 60.26 (10.23) | .65 |
| CBCL total | 60.00 (9.53) | 57.25 (7.52) | 58.13 (8.25) | .31 |
a
WHO 2013 norms.
b
Standardized scores using age-based norms.
c
T scores using age- and gender-based norms.
*
p < .05; **p < .01.
p-Values in bold are statistically significant.
BOT-2, Bruininks/Oseretsky test for motor proficiency–second edition; BRIEF, behavior rating inventory for executive function; CBCL, child behavior checklist; CCRT, computerized cognitive rehabilitation training; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HOME, home observation for the measurement of the environment; KABC-II, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–second edition; TOVA, test of variables of attention.