Table 1. Baseline characteristics and Co-morbidities.
| Number | LAE | Non-LAE | p value | Without OAC | With OAC | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,049 | 1,664 | 1,221 | 1,479 | |||
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Female | 411 (39%) | 669 (40%) | 0.60 | 526 (43%) | 550 (37%) | <0.01 |
| Age (years) | 74.9 ± 10.2 | 72.9 ± 11.2 | <0.01 | 73.2 ± 12.5 | 74.1 ± 9.2 | 0.03 |
| Age ≥ 75 years | 591 (56%) | 795 (48%) | <0.01 | 589 (48%) | 786 (53%) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 4.2 | 22.4 ± 3.8 | <0.01 | 22.7 ± 4.0 | 23.3 ± 4.0 | <0.01 |
| Body weight (kg) | 61.8 ± 14.4 | 57.7 ± 12.5 | <0.01 | 58.1 ± 13.5 | 60.3 ± 13.3 | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.9 ± 20.3 | 124.1 ± 18.9 | 0.85 | 125.1 ± 19.4 | 123.0 ± 19.4 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69.9 ± 13.6 | 70.1 ± 12.5 | 0.74 | 70.1 ± 13.0 | 69.9 ± 12.9 | 0.57 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 77.9 ± 15.6 | 77.9 ± 15.8 | 0.96 | 78.6 ± 16.2 | 77.4 ± 15.3 | 0.04 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 288 (27%) | 1,077 (65%) | <0.01 | 769 (63%) | 591 (40%) | <0.01 |
| AF duration (months) | 43.5 (10.0, 91.3) | 21.0 (4.0, 59.0) | <0.01 | 25.0 (4.0, 62.0) | 31.0 (7.0, 75.0) | <0.01 |
| Smoking history | 354 (34%) | 597 (36%) | 0.26 | 413 (48%) | 535 (51%) | 0.20 |
| Previous catheter ablation | 46 (4%) | 136 (8%) | <0.01 | 86 (7%) | 95 (6%) | 0.52 |
| Calculated CrCl (ml/min) | 56.6 (35.9, 76.5) | 58.6 (39.7, 80.2) | 0.02 | 59.6 (36.0, 82.1) | 56.6 (39.9, 76.2) | 0.11 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.9 ± 2.1 | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 0.65 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 13.0 ± 2.0 | <0.01 |
| Co-morbidities | ||||||
| CHADS2 score | 2.26 ± 1.30 | 1.92 ± 1.36 | <0.01 | 1.77 ± 1.34 | 2.27 ± 1.31 | <0.01 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 3.64 ± 1.65 | 3.24 ± 1.74 | <0.01 | 3.11 ± 1.77 | 3.63 ± 1.63 | <0.01 |
| History of stroke/SE | 225 (21%) | 348 (21%) | 0.74 | 175 (14%) | 396 (27%) | <0.01 |
| Heart failure | 390 (37%) | 358 (22%) | <0.01 | 259 (21%) | 484 (33%) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 691 (66%) | 997 (60%) | <0.01 | 722 (59%) | 957 (65%) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 263 (25%) | 376 (23%) | 0.14 | 261 (21%) | 374 (25%) | 0.02 |
| Dyslipidemia | 444 (42%) | 713 (43%) | 0.79 | 500 (41%) | 653 (44%) | 0.09 |
| Vascular disease | 117 (11%) | 165 (10%) | 0.30 | 130 (11%) | 152 (10%) | 0.75 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 445 (42%) | 564 (34%) | <0.01 | 411 (34%) | 593 (40%) | <0.01 |
| COPD | 56 (5%) | 87 (5%) | 0.90 | 57 (5%) | 84 (6%) | 0.24 |
| History of major bleeding | 43 (4%) | 71 (4%) | 0.83 | 58 (5%) | 55 (4%) | 0.18 |
| OAC prescription at baseline | 693 (66%) | 786 (47%) | <0.01 | 0 (0%) | 1,479 (100%) | <0.01 |
| Warfarin | 611 (59%) | 655 (39%) | <0.01 | 0 (0%) | 1,266 (86%) | <0.01 |
| Non-vitamin K antagonist OAC | 82 (8%) | 131 (8%) | 0.96 | 0 (0%) | 213 (14%) | <0.01 |
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 61.4 ± 12.2 | 64.2 ± 11.1 | <0.01 | 63.9 ± 11.1 | 62.5 ± 12.0 | <0.01 |
| LV ejection fraction ≤ 40% | 70 (7%) | 82 (5%) | 0.05 | 60 (5%) | 92 (6%) | 0.15 |
| LV end-diastolic dimension (mm) | 48.2 ± 6.9 | 45.5 ± 5.7 | <0.01 | 45.9 ± 6.2 | 47.0 ± 6.4 | <0.01 |
| LV end-systolic dimension (mm) | 32.2 ± 7.5 | 29.4 ± 5.9 | <0.01 | 29.8 ± 6.3 | 31.0 ± 7.0 | <0.01 |
| LV septal wall thickness (mm) | 9.8 ± 1.9 | 9.3 ± 1.6 | <0.01 | 9.4 ± 1.6 | 9.6 ± 1.8 | <0.01 |
| LV posterior wall thickness (mm) | 9.8 ± 1.6 | 9.2 ± 1.4 | <0.01 | 9.3 ± 1.4 | 9.5 ± 1.5 | <0.01 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 51.3 ± 5.4 | 38.4 ± 4.8 | <0.01 | 41.5 ± 7.8 | 44.9 ± 7.9 | <0.01 |
Categorical data are presented as number (%). Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), or median and interquartile range (25%, 75%) according to the distribution. AF = atrial fibrillation, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CrCl = creatinine clearance, LAE = left atrial enlargement, LV = left ventricular, OAC = oral anticoagulant, SE: systemic embolism.