. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 3.

Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015 Nov 28;39(12):2334–2344. doi: 10.1111/acer.12912

Table 4.

Sensitivities of Cardiovascular Functions Before and After Beverage Consumption and Significance of Differences Between Alcohol, Placebo, and Control Groups in Response to Beverage Consumption

	Control	Placebo	Alcohol	Main Effect Time F	Group × Time Interaction F
Heart rate baroreflex sensitivity^a
Pre-beverage	14.0 ± 7.2	13.2 ± 3.9	11.7 ± 8.7	0.77	0.44
Post-beverage	14.8 ± 12.7	14.8 ± 7.0	12.3 ± 6.4
Change	0.4 (d = 0.07)	−1.6 (d = 0.26)	−0.6 (d = 0.09)
Stroke volume baroreflex sensitivity^a
Pre-beverage	0.70 ± 0.4	0.69 ± 0.3	0.66 ± 0.4	0.39	0.12
Post-beverage	0.75 ± 0.4	0.70 ± 0.3	0.65 ± 0.3
Change	0.05 (d = 0.15)	0.01 (d = 0.00)	−0.01 (d = 0.03)
Vascular tone baroreflex sensitivity^a
Pre-beverage	0.86 ± 0.4	0.70 ± 0.4	0.70 ± 0.4	0.16	8.88^*
Post-beverage	0.74 ± 0.3	0.60 ± 0.3	0.90 ± 0.3
Change	−0.12 (d = 0.34)	−0.10 (d = 0.28)	0.20^** (d = 0.45)

Baroreflex sensitivity is the change in heart rate, stroke volume, and pulse transit time in response to 1 mmHg change in systolic blood pressure.

F significant at p < 0.05;

^**

pairwise comparisons showed significant changes pre- to post-beverage consumption, p < 0.01; d represents Cohen’s d effect size for repeated measures.

All indices presented as mean with ± standard deviation; all statistical analyses were performed on log-transformed variables.