Fig. 5.

Metformin or rosiglitazone treatment prevents CAP-induced vascular insulin resistance and inflammation. Western blot analysis of aortic insulin-stimulated (ex vivo, 100 nM insulin, 15 min) Akt phosphorylation (B), IκBα degradation (C), and Casp-1 (D) activation in mice treated with water, metformin (Met), or rosiglitazone (Rosi) before and during the 9-day exposure to air or CAP according to the indicated experimental protocol (A). Data are means ± SE normalized to the appropriate air controls (*P < 0.05, control vs. insulin; ^#P < 0.05 air vs. CAP, n = 4–5).