Table 3.

Odds ratios of a parent report of child having speech/language therapy at 24 months (N = 9,500 ^a ).

Explanatory variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Low total word score, 24 months	17.85***	16.51***	17.16***	16.60***
Sociodemographics
Black	0.55*	0.47*	0.43*	0.42*
Hispanic	0.73	0.81	1.04	1.05
Other race	0.62	0.61	0.63	0.61
Age	1.01	0.98	0.98	0.98
Male	1.23	1.32	1.38	1.36
Lowest SES quintile, 24 months	0.47	0.38*	0.42*	0.42*
Second lowest SES quintile, 24 months	0.63	0.50*	0.52	0.53
Middle SES quintile, 24 months	0.54*	0.47*	0.45*	0.45*
Second highest SES quintile, 24 months	0.57	0.54*	0.52*	0.52*
Birth conditions
Nonsingleton		0.87	0.95	0.96
Mother's age >35 at child's birth		0.95	1.02	1.03
Mother's age ≤18 at child's birth		0.87	0.72	0.72
Mother not married, 24 months		1.03	0.95	0.93
Very low birth weight		7.48***	7.76***	7.68***
Moderately low birth weight		2.11**	2.22**	2.21**
Labor complications		1.22	1.20	1.20
Obstetric procedures		0.98	0.98	0.97
Maternal medical risk factor at birth		1.03	0.99	0.99
Maternal behavioral risk factor at birth		1.84*	1.61	1.59
Household characteristics
Non-English primary language, 24 months			0.70	0.70
Parenting score, 24 months			0.92	0.94
Family member with mental illness, 24 months			2.15**	2.14**
Family member with learning disability, 24 months			2.18***	2.16***
Maternal health problems, 9 months			1.46	1.46
Household has person with special needs, 9 months			0.73	0.71
Mother depressed, 9 months			1.39	1.40
Child is in day care center >10 hr/week, 24 months			1.63	1.65
Mother isolated, 9 months			0.56*	0.56*
Child behaviors
Approaches to learning problems, 24 months				1.35
Internalizing problems, 24 months				0.79
Externalizing problems, 24 months				1.09

Note. SES = socioeconomic status. Weighted regressions. Age and parenting scores are standardized with M = 0, SD = 1.

^a Sample size rounded to nearest 50 per ECLS-B confidentiality requirements.

^* p < .05.

^** p < .01.

^*** p < .001.