Table 4.
Odds ratios of a parent report of child having speech/language therapy at 48 months (N = 8,600 a ).
| Explanatory variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low total word score, 24 months | 11.74*** | 10.49*** | 10.14*** | 9.12*** |
| Low receptive vocabulary, 48 months | 2.13*** | 2.37*** | 2.25*** | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Black | 0.54* | 0.54* | 0.50* | 0.48* |
| Hispanic | 0.36*** | 0.38*** | 0.65 | 0.63 |
| Other race | 0.44** | 0.45** | 0.47* | 0.43** |
| Age | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.04 |
| Male | 1.66** | 1.74** | 1.73*** | 1.65** |
| Lowest SES quintile, 24 months | 1.01 | 0.77 | 0.70 | 0.72 |
| Second lowest SES quintile, 24 months | 0.94 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
| Middle SES quintile, 24 months | 0.95 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.81 |
| Second highest SES quintile, 24 months | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.70 |
| Birth conditions | ||||
| Nonsingleton | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.82 | |
| Mother's age >35 at child's birth | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.19 | |
| Mother's age ≤18 at child's birth | 0.50 | 0.43* | 0.42* | |
| Mother not married, 24 months | 1.03 | 0.90 | 0.88 | |
| Very low birth weight | 4.00*** | 3.92*** | 4.00*** | |
| Moderately low birth weight | 1.57* | 1.58* | 1.60* | |
| Labor complications | 1.09 | 1.04 | 1.04 | |
| Obstetric procedures | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.10 | |
| Maternal medical risk factor at birth | 1.15 | 1.13 | 1.10 | |
| Maternal behavioral risk factor at birth | 2.02*** | 1.68* | 1.65* | |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Non-English primary language, 24 months | 0.40** | 0.43* | ||
| Parenting score, 24 months | 0.89 | 0.93 | ||
| Family member with mental illness, 24 months | 1.24 | 1.29 | ||
| Family member with learning disability, 24 months | 1.74** | 1.73** | ||
| Maternal health problems, 9 months | 1.05 | 1.03 | ||
| Household has person with special needs, 9 months | 1.81** | 1.84** | ||
| Mother depressed, 9 months | 1.39 | 1.36 | ||
| Child is in day care center >10 hr/week, 24 months | 1.45 | 1.47 | ||
| Mother isolated, 9 months | 1.18 | 1.18 | ||
| Child behaviors | ||||
| Approaches to learning problems, 24 months | 1.43 | |||
| Internalizing problems, 24 months | 1.17 | |||
| Externalizing problems, 24 months | 1.86* |
Note. SES = socioeconomic status. Weighted regressions. Age and parenting scores are standardized with M = 0, SD = 1.
a
Sample size rounded to nearest 50 per ECLS-B confidentiality requirements.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.