Table 5.
Odds ratios of a parent report of child having speech/language therapy at 60 months (N = 6,550 a ).
| Explanatory variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low total word score, 24 months | 6.10*** | 5.19*** | 4.61*** | 4.32*** |
| Low receptive vocabulary, 48 months | 2.10** | 2.37** | 2.21** | |
| Low reading test score, 60 months | 1.76* | 1.63 | 1.63 | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Black | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.59* | 0.55* |
| Hispanic | 0.38** | 0.36** | 0.55 | 0.51 |
| Other race | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.04 |
| Age | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.97 |
| Male | 1.39 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 1.32 |
| Lowest SES quintile, 24 months | 2.94*** | 2.13* | 1.70 | 1.65 |
| Second lowest SES quintile, 24 months | 1.96* | 1.58 | 1.28 | 1.27 |
| Middle SES quintile, 24 months | 1.83 | 1.62 | 1.40 | 1.39 |
| Second highest SES quintile, 24 months | 1.41 | 1.36 | 1.23 | 1.28 |
| Birth conditions | ||||
| Nonsingleton | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.94 | |
| Mother's age >35 at child's birth | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.93 | |
| Mother's age ≤18 at child's birth | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.72 | |
| Mother not married, 24 months | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.80 | |
| Very low birth weight | 3.37*** | 3.31*** | 3.18*** | |
| Moderately low birth weight | 1.20 | 1.15 | 1.16 | |
| Labor complications | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.01 | |
| Obstetric procedures | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.86 | |
| Maternal medical risk factor at birth | 1.15 | 1.08 | 1.00 | |
| Maternal behavioral risk factor at birth | 1.56 | 1.23 | 1.19 | |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Non-English primary language, 24 months | 0.41* | 0.47 | ||
| Parenting score, 24 months | 0.77 | 0.81 | ||
| Family member with mental illness, 24 months | 1.84 | 1.88* | ||
| Family member with learning disability, 24 months | 1.56 | 1.43 | ||
| Maternal health problems, 9 months | 1.53 | 1.52 | ||
| Household has person with special needs, 9 months | 1.18 | 1.18 | ||
| Mother depressed, 9 months | 1.58* | 1.65* | ||
| Child is in day care center >10 hr/week, 24 months | 1.06 | 1.03 | ||
| Mother isolated, 9 months | 1.09 | 1.12 | ||
| Child behaviors | ||||
| Approaches to learning problems, 24 months | 1.74 | |||
| Internalizing problems, 24 months | 0.65 | |||
| Externalizing problems, 24 months | 2.26* |
Note. SES = socioeconomic status. Weighted regressions. Age and parenting scores are standardized with M = 0, SD = 1.
a
Sample size rounded to nearest 50 per ECLS-B confidentiality requirements.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.