Table 2.

Characteristics of raters.

Characteristics	Rater 1	Rater 2	Rater 3	Rater 4
Sex	Female	Female	Female	Male
Age	29	24	27	32
Highest degree achieved	BA Linguistics and BS Communicative Disorders	BA Linguistics and French	BA Psychology	BA Psychology
Position at time of ratings	MS SLP student	MS SLP student	PhD SLP student	Research assistant in SLP laboratory
Formal coursework in articulation and phonology completed at time of rating	Undergraduate: phonetics and phonology, sounds of the world's languages, disorders of articulation and phonology, descriptive linguistics, assessment and treatment of children with communicative disorders, and speech science	Graduate level: two phonetics courses, articulation and phonology	Graduate level: articulation and phonology	None
	Graduate-level: articulation disorders and motor speech disorders
Other skills training in articulation and phonology	Transcription using IPA and administration and scoring of standardized measures of articulation and phonology	Transcription using IPA and administration and scoring of standardized measures of articulation and phonology	Transcription using IPA and administration and scoring of standardized measures of articulation and phonology	Transcription of language samples (not using IPA)
Estimated number hours experience in listening to individuals with impaired speech comprehensibility	50–75 hours as SLP graduate student clinician	50–75 hours as SLP graduate student clinician and 10–25 hours as SLP graduate research assistant	50–75 hours as SLP graduate research assistant and 100+ hours as a nanny, tutor, and sibling of people with speech sound disorders	100+ hours as research staff

Note. SLP = speech-language pathology; IPA = International Phonetic Alphabet.