PDI inhibition exacerbates hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death, whereas PDI overexpression attenuates cell death. Rat primary neurons were treated with the PDI inhibitors 16F16 (A) or nitazoxanide (NTZ) (B) for 48 h then analyzed for cell death (LDH) and cell viability (WST). n = 6–12 per group. Data are means ± SE. *P < 0.05. (C,D) Rat primary neurons were infected with lentivirus-carrying PDI or empty vector (EV, as control). (C) Representative fluorescent images of lentivirus infection (red, tdTomato) in rat primary neurons. Blue is Hoechst nuclear stain. Photos taken at ×20 with an Olympus BX51 microscope with appropriate filters. (D) Cell viability 24 h after hypoxia (left) or treatment with 25 μM 15d-PGJ2 (right). n = 6 per group. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. MK, MK801 (1 μM) as control for 100% live cells; SP, staurosporin (20 μM) as control for 100% cell death; UN, untreated.