Fig. 1.

Api attenuates obesity-related inflammation. (a) The chemical structure of Api and Rosi. (b–c) HFD-fed mice treated with the vehicle (0.1% DMSO), indicated doses of Api for 21 days, the effects of Api or Rosi on body weight and the statistical analysis at 21st day, (n = 9). All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis is based on one-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett's test. **P < 0.01 compared with vehicle. (d) Representative H&E staining showed adipose tissue morphology of the HFD-fed mice treated with the vehicle (0.1% DMSO), indicated doses of Api for 21 days, original magnification × 400, n = 6. Arrows indicated the inflammatory cells in adipose tissue (n = 9). (e) Quantification of the infiltration of inflammatory cells into adipose tissue from the HFD-fed mice treated with the vehicle (0.1% DMSO), indicated doses of Api for 21 days, for five to eight sections/400 × field, five to six fields/gland/mouse, score according to the grade of lesion, slight (0.5), mild (1), moderate (2), severe (3), profound severe (4) and normal (0), (n = 6). All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis is based on one-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett's test. **P < 0.01 compared with vehicle. (f–i) Inflammatory cytokine IL-12, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the serum of HFD-fed mice treated with the vehicle (0.1% DMSO), indicated doses of Api for 21 days were measured by ELISA assays according to manufacturer's instructions (n = 9). All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis is based on one-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett's test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with vehicle. (j–l) 3 month years old male ob/ob mice were injected vehicle (0.1% DMSO) or 30 mg/kg Api for 21 days, the CCL2, IL-1β and IL-10 in the serum were measured by ELISA assays according to manufacturer's instructions (n = 6). All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis is based on the Student's t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with vehicle.