Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants at Baseline, by Intervention and Psychiatric Comorbidity
| Variable | Among the Full Sample | P Value | Among the Subsample With Psychiatric Comorbidity | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| LINKAGE (n = 252) | Usual Care (n = 251) | LINKAGE (n = 197) | Usual Care (n = 198) | |||
| Demographics and socioeconomic status, No. (%) | ||||||
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| Age group, y | ||||||
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| 18–30 | 56 (22.2) | 40 (15.9) | .06 | 47 (23.9) | 32 (16.2) | .14 |
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| 31–45 | 98 (38.9) | 101 (4.2) | 78 (39.6) | 76 (38.4) | ||
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| 46–60 | 87 (34.5) | 86 (34.3) | 63 (32.0) | 75 (37.9) | ||
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| ≥61 | 11 (4.4) | 24 (9.6) | 9 (4.6) | 15 (7.6) | ||
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| Female sex | 76 (30.2) | 80 (31.9) | .70 | 67 (34.0) | 75 (37.9) | .44 |
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| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
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| African American | 17 (6.7) | 20 (8.0) | .96 | 10 (5.1) | 14 (7.1) | .63 |
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| Asian | 16 (6.3) | 18 (7.2) | 14 (7.1) | 9 (4.5) | ||
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| Hispanic | 49 (19.4) | 52 (20.7) | 32 (16.2) | 42 (21.2) | ||
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| Native American | 6 (2.4) | 4 (1.6) | 4 (2.0) | 3 (1.5) | ||
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| White | 156 (61.9) | 150 (59.8) | 130 (66.0) | 123 (62.1) | ||
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| Other | 8 (3.2) | 7 (2.8) | 7 (3.6) | 7 (3.5) | ||
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| Education | ||||||
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| ≤High school graduate or GED | 96 (38.1) | 107 (42.6) | .40 | 69 (35.0) | 83 (41.9) | .29 |
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| Associate in arts, associate in science, or technical school | 49 (19.4) | 52 (20.7) | 40 (20.3) | 41 (20.7) | ||
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| College or higher | 107 (42.5) | 92 (36.7) | 88 (44.7) | 74 (37.4) | ||
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| Annual household income ≥$50 000 | 140 (55.6) | 138 (55.0) | .90 | 112 (56.9) | 96 (48.5) | .10 |
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| Substance use, No. (%) | ||||||
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| Any dependence | ||||||
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| Alcohol | 170 (67.5) | 159 (63.3) | .33 | 134 (68.0) | 133 (67.2) | .86 |
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| Marijuana | 31 (12.3) | 30 (12.0) | .90 | 26 (13.2) | 23 (11.6) | .63 |
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| Sedatives | 18 (7.1) | 13 (5.2) | .36 | 17 (8.6) | 12 (6.1) | .33 |
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| Heroin | 12 (4.8) | 8 (3.1) | .37 | 8 (4.1) | 5 (2.5) | .39 |
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| Painkillers | 37 (14.7) | 33 (13.1) | .62 | 29 (14.7) | 27 (13.6) | .76 |
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| Cocaine | 46 (18.3) | 33 (13.2) | .12 | 35 (17.8) | 27 (13.6) | .26 |
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| Amphetamines | 27 (10.7) | 32 (12.7) | .48 | 24 (12.2) | 23 (11.6) | .86 |
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| Dependence type | ||||||
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| Alcohol only | 107 (42.5) | 118 (47.0) | .12 | 81 (41.1) | 96 (48.5) | .24 |
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| Drug only | 61 (24.2) | 67 (26.7) | 49 (24.9) | 49 (24.7) | ||
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| Alcohol and drug | 63 (25.0) | 41 (16.3) | 53 (26.9) | 37 (18.7) | ||
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| Abuse | 21 (8.3) | 25 (10.0) | 14 (7.1) | 16 (8.1) | ||
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| Mental health, No. (%) | ||||||
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| Moderate to severe depressiona | 38 (15.1) | 34 (13.5) | .62 | 36 (18.3) | 31 (15.7) | .49 |
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| Patient activation, mean (SD) | ||||||
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| Patient Activation Measure score, mean (SD) | 65.2 (16.2) | 64.3 (17.4) | .56 | 63.9 (16.1) | 64.0 (17.4) | .94 |
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| Access to computer or smartphone, No. (%) | ||||||
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| Have access | 235 (93.3) | 225 (89.6) | .15 | 186 (94.4) | 177 (89.4) | .07 |
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| Can access the internet | 237 (94.1) | 232 (62.4) | .47 | 188 (95.4) | 188 (92.9) | .29 |
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| Can receive email | 233 (92.5) | 228 (90.8) | .51 | 185 (93.9) | 183 (92.4) | .56 |
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| Patient engagement in health care | ||||||
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| Ever accessed kp.org, No. (%) | 190 (75.4) | 178 (70.9) | .26 | 152 (77.2) | 142 (71.7) | .22 |
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| Ever talked with PCP about AOD problems at baseline, No./total No. (%)b | 130/220 (59.1) | 153/218 (70.2) | .02 | 103/172 (59.9) | 132/173 (76.3) | .001 |
Abbreviations: AOD, alcohol and other drug; GED, General Education Development; PCP, primary care physician.
a
Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire score of at least 15.
b
The question was asked only among those who had a Kaiser Permanente health care professional whom the patient considered to be his or her regular or personal physician or nurse practitioner.