Table 1.

Characteristics of studies on US HIV care delivery models

Study*	Care delivery model(s) (level assessed)	Treatment era†	Target population	Setting	Design	Intervention	Control
Aiken 1993	Advanced practitioner (clinician)	Monotherapy	HIV patients having ≥1 practice visit in prior year	Outpatient HIV practice at university hospital	Cross-sectional survey	Care provided by nurse practitioner	Care provided by medical doctor (MD)
Kitahata 1996	Specialty (clinician)	Monotherapy, combination therapy	HIV patients with AIDS as defined by CDC’s 1987 case surveillance definition	Nonprofit health care system	Retrospective cohort study	Primary care physicians trained in internal medicine, family medicine, or general practice with moderate or most HIV care experience	Primary care physicians trained in internal medicine, family medicine, or general practice with least HIV care experience
Laine 1998	Specialty (practice)	Monotherapy, combination therapy	Female AIDS patients receiving hospital outpatient care or care from independent diagnostic and treatment center providing services under a physician	New York State practices delivering longitudinal medical care	Retrospective cohort study	Patients seen in high experience practices (i.e., >100 cumulative Medicaid patients with AIDS) and moderate experience practices (i.e., 20–99 cumulative Medicaid patients with AIDS)	Patients in low experience practices (i.e., <20 cumulative Medicaid patients with advanced HIV disease)
Keitz 2001	Specialty (practice, clinician)	Combination therapy, potent combination therapy	HIV patients who are uninsured, self-pay, or receive public insurance (Medicaid or Medicare)	University hospital	Randomized controlled trial	HIV patient care in a general medicine practice with internal medicine residents and non-infectious disease attending physicians, with physician education component	HIV patient care in an infectious diseases practice staffed by residents and infectious diseases fellows and attending physicians
Gardner 2002	Specialty (practice)	Potent combination therapy	HIV-infected patients without AIDS	Medical settings (Bronx & Maryland)	Cross-sectional analysis of HIV Epidemiology Research Study cohort	HIV care received from a practice specializing in HIV care	HIV care received from a practice not specializing in HIV care
Kitahata 2003	Specialty (clinician)	Monotherapy, combination therapy, potent combination therapy	HIV-infected individuals with AIDS as defined by CDC’s 1987 case surveillance definition	Nonprofit health care system	Retrospective cohort study	Primary care physicians trained in internal medicine, family medicine, or general practice with moderate or most experience in HIV care	Primary care physicians trained in internal medicine, family medicine, or general practice with least experience in HIV care
Landon 2003	Specialty (clinician)	Combination therapy, potent combination therapy	Clinicians serving a national random sample of HIV- infected patients	Not reported	Observational cohort from HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study	Infectious disease HIV specialist, primary care HIV specialist	Non-HIV-specialist primary care clinician
Landon 2005	Specialty (practice, clinician)	Potent combination therapy	HIV-infected patients ≥18 years at Ryan White CARE Act-funded practices with >100 HIV patients	Ryan White CARE Act– funded practices	Cross-sectional analysis	Care from infectious disease specialists and HIV specialist primary care clinicians at an HIV specialty practice	Care from non-HIV- specialist primary care clinician at a non-HIV-specialist primary care practice
Irvine 2015	Team (practice, clinician)	Multi-drug resistant virus	Ryan White clients at risk for or with a history of suboptimal outcomes and alive one year after program enrollment	Ryan White Care Coordination Program- funded agencies	Pre-post retrospective cohort	Comprehensive care coordination program‡	No comprehensive care coordination program
Young 2014	Shared (clinician)	Multi-drug resistant virus	HIV-infected individual >18 yrs and an offender in correctional facility	Correctional facility	Observational cohort with historical controls	HIV subspecialty care from infectious disease physician, infectious disease pharmacist, and case manager, and correctional nurse via telemedicine	On-site HIV care from a correctional physician without HIV subspecialty training
Ding 2008	Specialty, advanced practitioner (practice, clinician)	Combination therapy, potent combination therapy	HIV-infected individual >18 yrs and with >1 visit to a nonmilitary, nonprison medical clinician	HIV specialty sites with >20,000 outpatient visits per year	Cross-sectional analysis of HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study	HIV care from an identified clinician (physician, nurse practitioner, or physician’s assistant)	No identified HIV care clinician
Chu 2010	Specialty, shared (practice, clinician)	Potent combination therapy, multi-drug resistant virus	HIV patients presenting for care in hospital-based specialty center or individuals in community-based site later testing HIV positive	University hospital and community affiliates	Retrospective cohort study	Collaborative care at community-based sites, where patients have appointments with an infectious disease specialist as well as routine primary care visits, with clinician consulting specialists	Hospital-based HIV specialty clinic, staffed by infectious disease physicians, with patient followed by a single clinician
Lê 1998	Team, shared (clinician)	Combination therapy	HIV-positive adults ≥18 years receiving care from Kaiser Permanente medical centers in Northern California	Kaiser Permanente medical centers in Northern California (managed care)	Retrospective cohort study	HIV care from primary care physicians and HIV interdisciplinary team (coordinator, infectious disease physician, nurse practitioner, pharmacist, social worker, home health manager, nutritionist)	Usual care through a primary care physician, with clinical guidelines, continuing education opportunities, and specialist consults made available when requested by a primary care physician

^*Studies are grouped by care delivery model and, within each group, ordered by publication year.

^†The antiretroviral era was classified into 4 treatment eras: monotherapy (1987 – 1991), combination therapy (1992 – 1996), potent combination therapy (1997 – 2005), and therapy for multi-drug resistant virus (2006 – present). We report any antiretroviral eras that overlap with the study start and end dates. Further details on how we defined these eras is described in the main text.

^‡The program included: case finding after a missed appointment, case management, multidisciplinary team communication and conference-based decision making, patient navigation (including accompaniment to primary care visits), antiretroviral adherence support (including directly observed therapy), and formal health promotion education.