Table 1.
Distribution of individual-, neighborhood-, transplant center-, and OPO-level study variables stratified by race/ethnicity among ESRD patients waitlisted for kidney transplant in the United States, 2005–2009.
| Variable | Total N=24 581 N (%) |
White non-Hispanic N=10 862 N (%) |
Black non-Hispanic N=8 735 N (%) |
White Hispanic N=4 984 N (%) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean hospitalization rate | |||||
| 0 hosp/yr | 12 795 (52.05) | 6 006 (55.29) | 4 218 (48.29) | 2 559 (51.50) | <0.001 |
| 0< and ≤2 hosp/yr | 7 441 (30.27) | 2 919 (26.87) | 2 917 (33.39) | 1 605 (32.20) | |
| >2 hosp/yr | 4 345 (17.68) | 1 937 (17.83) | 1 597 (18.28) | 811 (16.27) | |
| Average hospitalization length (Mean, SD) | 2.3 (3.9) | 2.2 (4.0) | 2.5 (3.9) | 2.3 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Age at time of waitlisting (Mean, SD) | 54 (13.6) | 57.4 (13.4) | 51.3 (13.2) | 51.4 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Female | 9 412 (38.29) | 3 849 (35.44) | 3 734 (42.75) | 1 829 (36.70) | <0.001 |
| Blood Type | |||||
| A | 8 163 (33.21) | 4 466 (41.12) | 2 236 (25.60) | 1 461 (29.31) | <0.001 |
| B | 3 463 (14.09) | 1 179 (10.85) | 1 805 (20.66) | 479 (9.61) | |
| AB | 1 007 (4.10) | 430 (3.96) | 457 (5.23) | 120 (2.41) | |
| O | 11 948 (48.61) | 4 787 (44.07) | 4 237 (48.51) | 2 924 (58.67) | |
| BMI | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 10 799 (43.93) | 4 345 (40.00) | 4 425 (50.66) | 2 029 (40.71) | <0.001 |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 3 710 (15.09) | 1 835 (16.89) | 1 002 (11.47) | 873 (17.52) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 4 619 (18.79) | 2 169 (19.97) | 1 377 (15.76) | 1 073 (21.53) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 5 453 (22.18) | 2 513 (23.14) | 1 931 (22.11) | 1 009 (20.24) | |
| Peak PRA | |||||
| PRA=0 | 15 516 (63.12) | 7 134 (65.68) | 5 043 (57.73) | 3 339 (66.99) | <0.001 |
| 0<PRA<80 | 7 346 (29.88) | 3 094 (28.48) | 2 934 (33.59) | 1 318 (26.44) | |
| PRA ≥80 | 1 719 (6.99) | 634 (5.84) | 758 (8.68) | 327 (6.56) | |
| Insurance at ESRD start | |||||
| Employer/Private | 5 739 (23.35) | 2 830 (26.05) | 2 218 (25.39) | 691 (13.86) | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 6 472 (26.33) | 1 912 (17.60) | 2 575 (29.48) | 1 985 (39.83) | |
| Medicare | 5 976 (24.31) | 3 763 (34.64) | 1 548 (17.72) | 665 (13.34) | |
| No insurance | 3 875 (15.76) | 1 199 (11.04) | 1 563 (17.89) | 1 113 (22.33) | |
| Other | 2 519 (10.25) | 1 158 (10.66) | 831 (9.51) | 530 (10.63) | |
| Employment at ESRD start | |||||
| Full-time | 3 108 (21.71) | 1 374 (20.31) | 1 045 (23.32) | 689 (22.44) | <0.001 |
| Part-time | 737 (5.15) | 395 (5.84) | 223 (4.98) | 119 (3.88) | |
| Retired | 6 566 (45.86) | 3 625 (53.58) | 1 787 (39.88) | 1 154 (37.59) | |
| Unemployed | 3 120 (21.79) | 1 036 (15.31) | 1 234 (27.54) | 850 (27.69) | |
| Other | 785 (5.48) | 335 (4.95) | 192 (4.28) | 258 (8.40) | |
| Expanded criteria donora | 13 503 (54.93) | 6 271 (57.73) | 4 584 (52.48) | 2 648 (53.13) | <0.001 |
| Years on dialysis at waitlisting | |||||
| 0 | 10 949 (44.54) | 4 503 (41.46) | 4 431 (50.73) | 2 015 (40.43) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 7 047 (28.67) | 3 623 (33.35) | 1 935 (22.15) | 1 489 (29.88) | |
| 2 | 4 195 (17.07) | 1 794 (16.52) | 1 446 (16.55) | 955 (19.16) | |
| 3+ | 2 390 (9.72) | 942 (8.67) | 923 (10.57) | 525 (10.53) | |
| ESRD Cause | |||||
| Diabetes | 9 532 (38.78) | 3 712 (34.17) | 3 152 (36.08) | 2 668 (53.53) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 6 342 (25.80) | 2 219 (20.43) | 3 179 (36.39) | 944 (18.94) | |
| Kidney-related | 4 670 (19.00) | 2 664 (24.53) | 1 251 (14.32) | 755 (15.15) | |
| Other | 4 037 (16.42) | 2 267 (20.87) | 1 553 (13.20) | 617 (12.38) | |
| History of Cancer | 797 (3.24) | 537 (4.94) | 189 (2.16) | 68 (1.36) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoker | 1 250 (5.09) | 696 (6.41) | 442 (5.06) | 112 (2.25) | <0.001 |
| % households below poverty line | |||||
| <10% | 206 (0.84) | 100 (0.92) | 76 (0.87) | 30 (0.60) | 0.256 |
| 10%–20% | 5 338 (21.72) | 2 374 (21.86) | 1 866 (21.36) | 1 098 (22.03) | |
| ≥20% | 19 037 (77.45) | 8 388 (77.22) | 6 793 (77.77) | 3 856 (77.37) | |
| % adults with high school education | |||||
| <85% | 11 792 (47.97) | 5 174 (47.63) | 4 159 (47.61) | 2 459 (49.34) | 0.097 |
| ≥85% | 12 789 (52.03) | 5 688 (52.37) | 4 576 (52.39) | 2 525 (50.66) | |
| Mean annual transplant center volume | |||||
| Lowest tertile | 8 359 (34.01) | 3 991 (36.74) | 2 436 (27.89) | 1 932 (38.76) | <0.001 |
| Middle tertile | 8 105 (32.97) | 3 234 (29.77) | 3 358 (38.44) | 1 513 (30.36) | |
| Highest tertile | 8 117 (33.02) | 3 637 (33.48) | 2 941 (33.67) | 1 539 (30.88) | |
| OPO kidney importer | 7 872 (32.02) | 3 287 (30.26) | 3 469 (39.85) | 1 103 (22.19) | <0.001 |
| OPO median wait time to transplant | |||||
| Lowest tertile | 8 322 (33.86) | 4 246 (39.09) | 2 768 (31.68) | 1 308 (26.24) | <0.001 |
| Middle tertile | 8 011 (32.59) | 3 998 (36.81) | 2 939 (33.65) | 1 074 (21.55) | |
| Highest tertile | 8 248 (33.55) | 2 618 (24.10) | 3 028 (34.67) | 2 602 (52.21) | |
All values N (%) unless otherwise specified.
Abbreviations: ESRD, end-stage renal disease; OPO, organ procurement organization; hosp/yr, hospitalizations per year; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; PRA, panel reactive antibody.
a
Willing to accept expanded criteria donor organ.