Table 4.
Socioeconomic risk factors for malaria in children aged six months to 10 years in Nagongera, Uganda
| Characteristic | Malaria infection | Incidence of clinical malaria | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (Total blood smears)a | OR (95 % CI)b | P | Malaria incidence (total person years)c | IRR (95 % CI)d | P | ||
| Mean age during follow-up | 6 m to <3 years | 19.2 (657) | 1 | <0.001 | 4.1 (134) | 1 | <0.001 |
| 3 to <5 years | 27.6 (699) | 1.60 (1.18–2.18) | 4.2 (177) | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | |||
| 5 to <11 year | 35.7 (2011) | 2.34 (1.77–3.09) | 2.3 (491) | 0.54 (0.46–0.65) | |||
| Gender | Female | 29.9 (1518) | 1 | 0.54 | 2.7 (361) | 1 | 0.12 |
| Male | 31.5 (1849) | 1.07 (0.86–1.35) | 3.2 (441) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | |||
| Wealth index tertile | Lowest | 38.4 (1087) | 1 | 0.001 | 3.0 (258) | 1 | 0.66 |
| Middle | 29.6 (1170) | 0.65 (0.48–0.87) | 3.1 (280) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | |||
| Highest | 25.3 (1010) | 0.52 (0.35–0.78) | 2.9 (241) | 1.05 (0.83–1.34) | |||
| Female caregiver’s level of education | None | 33.4 (788) | 1 | 0.21 | 3.5 (188) | 1 | 0.005 |
| Incomplete 1ry | 31.7 (1703) | 0.96 (0.68–1.36) | 3.0 (406) | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) | |||
| 1ry or higher | 26.6 (593) | 0.74 (0.48–1.15) | 2.4 (140) | 0.69 (0.53–0.91) | |||
| Distance to health facility | 3–6 km | 33.4 (1994) | 1 | 0.07 | 2.9 (474) | 1 | 0.56 |
| 0–2 km | 27.1 (1373) | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 3.1 (328) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | |||
| Time for female caregiver to seek treatment for fever | ≥1 day | 29.5 (1434) | 1 | 0.55 | 3.3 (342) | 1 | 0.31 |
| Same day | 27.5 (509) | 0.86 (0.51–1.42) | 2.5 (120) | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) | |||
| Proportion of household expenditure on health | <25 % | 31.0 (3059) | 1 | 0.65 | 3.1 (730) | 1 | 0.15 |
| 25–50 % | 34.1 (208) | 1.15 (0.63–2.10) | 2.0 (49) | 0.73 (0.48–1.12) | |||
| House typee | Traditional | 32.9 (2794) | 1 | <0.001 | 3.0 (665) | 1 | 0.67 |
| Modern | 20.4 (573) | 0.51 (0.36–0.71) | 2.7 (136) | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | |||
| People per sleeping room | >2 people | 31.9 (2752) | 1 | 0.24 | 3.1 (656) | 1 | 0.29 |
| 0–2 people | 27.0 (515) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 2.6 (123) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.14) | |||
| Days eating meat per week | 0–2 days | 34.6 (2123) | 1 | 0.007 | 3.0 (507) | 1 | 0.71 |
| 3–7 days | 24.7 (1144) | 0.64 (0.47–0.88) | 2.9 (271) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | |||
| Meals per day | 2 meals | 33.1 (2439) | 1 | 0.05 | 3.0 (581) | 1 | 0.78 |
| 3–4 meals | 25.6 (828) | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | 2.9 (197) | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | |||
aPR: Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate: total positive blood smears/total blood smears
bOR: Odds Ratio adjusted for age at the time of the blood smear and gender. CI Confidence interval
cMalaria incidence per person year: total malaria episodes/total person years at risk
dIRR: Incidence Rate Ratio adjusted for mean age during follow-up and gender
eModern house: Cement, wood or metal wall; tiled or metal roof and closed eaves. Traditional house: all other houses