Table 4.
Predictors of past-year co-occurring nonmedical prescription drug abuse and co-occurring illicit drug use, EU-Meds, 2014
| Stimulants | Opioids | Sedatives | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52.5 %a (0.5)b N = 498 | 32.1 %a (0.4)b N = 949 | 28.3 %a (0.3)b N = 1,099 | |||||||
| O.R. | 95 % C.I. | P-Value | O.R. | 95 % C.I. | P-Value | O.R. | 95 % C.I. | P-Value | |
| Country | |||||||||
| Great Britain | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Denmark | 0.9 | 0.4–1.9 | .765 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.8 | .006 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.6 | <.001 |
| Germany | 0.5 | 0.3–0.9 | .018 | 0.6 | 0.3–0.9 | .025 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.7 | <.001 |
| Spain | 0.6 | 0.3–1.1 | .065 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.6 | <.000 | 0.3 | 0.2–0.4 | <.001 |
| Sweden | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | .529 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.7 | .744 | 0.3 | 0.2–0.5 | <.001 |
| Wald Chi-Square (DF)-P | Chi = 1.8, 4df, P = .111 | Chi = 5.4, 4df, P < .001 | Chi = 7.8, 4df, P < .001 | ||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Female | 0.5 | 0.3–0.7 | .002 | 0.6 | 0.4–0.9 | .013 | 0.6 | 0.4–0.9 | .007 |
| Age, years | |||||||||
| 12–17 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| 18–29 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.2 | .748 | 1.2 | 0.5–2.6 | .655 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.1 | .764 |
| 30–49 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.0 | .628 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | .494 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.4 | .256 |
| Wald Chi-Square (DF)-P | Chi = 0.87, 2df, P = .871 | Chi = 2.5, 2df, P = .083 | Chi = 2.0, 2df, P = .133 | ||||||
| Prescribed [outcome drug]c | |||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | .173 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | .837 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 | .354 |
| Serious Psych Distress | |||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.8 | 1.1–2.9 | .015 | 2.2 | 1.5–3.3 | <.001 | 1.8 | 1.3–2.7 | <.001 |
| ADHD Dx | |||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 | .969 | 1.6 | 0.9–2.9 | .091 | 1.4 | 0.8.2–2.2 | .117 |
| Sexually Transmitted Disease | |||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 2.4 | 1.2–4.8 | .018 | 5.2 | 2.5–10.7 | <.001 | 2.8 | 1.4–5.5 | .003 |
| HIV | |||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.9 | 0.3–2.6 | .768 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.7 | .456 | 1.8 | 0.7–4.8 | .207 |
| Arrested < Age 15 | |||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.7 | 1.1–2.9 | .023 | 2.3 | 1.5–3.4 | <.001 | 1.9 | 1.3–2.8 | .002 |
| Source of NMPDU | |||||||||
| Social (Friend/Family) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Dealer/Theft/Fake | 1.9 | 1.2–2.9 | .008 | 2.6 | 1.8–3.9 | <.001 | 1.8 | 1.1–2.7 | <.001 |
| Non-oral Routes of Administration | |||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 2.1 | 1.3–3.4 | <.001 | 1.3 | 0.9–2.0 | .138 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 | .478 |
| Motivation for Use-Euphoria | |||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.9 | 1.2–3.1 | .008 | 4.8 | 3.1–7.4 | <.001 | 3.5 | 2.0–6.1 | <.001 |
Reference level O.R. = 1.0; All estimates adjusted for complex sampling design using SUDAAN (release 10.1). Wald Test used for all P-Values
Dx diagnosis, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, NMPDU nonmedical prescription drug use, O.R odds ratio, C.I confidence interval
aWeighted percentages
bWeighted standard error. Note: outcome coded 0 = No Co-Occurring Illicit Drug Use, 1 = Any Co-Occurring Illicit Drug Use
cEver prescribed refers to the respondent receiving a prescription for the outcome drug (Stimulants, Opioids, or Sedatives. Illicit drug use includes any of the following: marijuana, cocaine, heroin, inhalants, designer drugs