Table 1.

DNA methylation in various insects and its associated phenotypic effects.

Species	Common name	Phenotype	References
Acyrthosiphon pisum	Pea aphid	Color morph differentiation	Dombrovsky et al., 2009
Aedes aegypti	Mosquito	Wolbachia infection and gene transcription	Ye et al., 2013
Apis mellifera	Honeybee	Caste determination	Elango et al., 2009; Foret et al., 2012; Herb et al., 2012; Patalano et al., 2012
Apis mellifera	Honeybee	Learning and memory processing	Lockett et al., 2010; Biergans et al., 2012
Bombus terrestris	Bumblebee	Reproductive caste formation	Kankanamge and Eranthi, 2015
Bombyx mori	Silkworm	Immune response against bacterial infection	Xiang et al., 2010; Zhang Q. L. et al., 2015
Componotus floridanus	Florida carpenter ant	Caste determination	Bonasio et al., 2012
Coptotermes formosanus	Subterranean termite	Gene regulation	Glastad et al., 2012
Lucusta migratoria	Migratory locust	Alternative migratory phenotypes	Robinson et al., 2015
Medauroidea extradentata	Stick insect	Gene regulation	Krauss et al., 2009
Myzus persicae	Peach-potato aphid	Upregulation of insecticide detoxifying esterases	Field et al., 1989; Hick et al., 1996; Field and Blackman, 2003
Nasonia vitripennis	Jewel wasp	Photoperiodic response on diapause	Werren et al., 2010; Park et al., 2011; Pegoraro et al., 2016
Nasonia vitripennis	Jewel wasp	Embryo development	Zwier et al., 2012
Nilaparvata lugens	Brown planthopper	Female fecundity	Zhang J. et al., 2015
Onthophagus sp.	Horned Beetle	Nutritional plasticity	Snell-Rood et al., 2012
Pogonomyrmex barbatus	Red harvester ant	Caste determination	Smith et al., 2012
Reticulitermes flavipes	Subterranean termite	Gene regulation	Glastad et al., 2012
Schizaphis graminum	Greenbug aphid	Upregulation of insecticide detoxifying esterases	Ono et al., 1999
Sogatella furcifera	Rice planthopper	Sexual dimorphism	Zhang M. et al., 2015
Sogatella furcifera	Rice planthopper	Wing dimorphism	Zhou et al., 2013
Zootermopsis nevadensis	Dampwood termite	Caste differentiation	Terrapon et al., 2014