Table 1.

Human-pathogenic Gnathostoma species, their geographic distribution, and their definitive animal hosts⁷

Human-pathogenic Gnathostoma species	Geographic distribution	Definitive animal hosts
Gnathostoma spinigerum*	China, India, Japan, southeast Asia	Wild and domestic cats and dogs
Gnathostoma binucleatum*	Central and South America	Wild and domestic cats and dogs
Gnathostoma doloresi	Japan, southeast Asia	Wild and, probably, domestic pigs
Gnathostoma hispidum	Australia, Central America, China, Japan, Korea, southeast Asia	Wild and domestic pigs
Gnathostoma malaysiae	Japan, southeast Asia	Rats
Gnathostoma nipponicum	Korea, Japan	Weasels

^*Most human infections are caused by G. spinigerum in Asia and G. binucleatum in Latin America.